Bayesian topology of Ptenopus (top right) based on mitochondrial genes 16S and ND2, and nuclear gene c-mos (top right), and map of confirmed species locations (top left) including type localities (high resolution image: can be zoomed for detail; modified from Becker et al. 2024). Nodes supported by both maximum likelihood (≥70% bootstrap) and Bayesian inference (≥0.95 posterior probability) analyses denoted by black circles; Bayesian inference only, with grey circles; maximum likelihood only, with white circles; one node with 0.94 posterior probability is indicated. The coloured bars to the right of the phylogeny indicate putative species based on three delimitation analyses; horizontal grey lines indicate divergences that were validated (i.e., not IBD) by MRM analyses, with grey text boxes on these lines indicating the explanatory variable most strongly associated with genetic divergence between sister species. Bar colours correspond to named species and confirmed species localities on the map, including type localities = white outlined stars. The grey bar indicates preferred substrate of each species, with shades corresponding to that on the map (dark grey = hard substrate, light grey = soft sand); various sandy patches were too fine to appear on the map, and P. australis sp. nov. occurs on sandy hummocks, although the wider soil-type in this area is not sand. Ecologically relevant geographic or climatic features are indicated by arrows and coloured text and shapes. Blocks A–D indicate contact zones of different species, shown enlarged in the bottom panels (satellite imagery), including labels indicating substrates, rivers, and scale bars (20 km).