THEODOR VON HEUGLIN’S Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika ’s, der Nilquellen- und Küsten-Gebiete des Rothen Meeres und des nördlichen Somal- Landes – Notes relevant to the dates of publication of its parts

Our paper aims to establish publication dates of the monograph of Theodor von Heuglin which appeared in 57 parts over a period of six to seven years. Accurate dates for these parts would help determine authorship of some names that appear in two or three closely contemporaneous publications by authors dealing with new species of birds collected in north-eastern Africa. We have concluded that it is still not possible to date each part precisely, or even to be certain of the pagination of some parts, but that we can arrive at some reasonable conclusions as to which pages and which plates were published in which year. Due to the limits to our evidence these conclusions must be preliminary. So one of our objectives is to appeal for help in fi nding a set of this book still in the wrappers of the original parts, and, second, for help in locating relevant published reports of all books published in Cassel in the period 1868 to 1875. We are confi dent enough in our year dates that we list in an appendix the new generic names and species-group names proposed in this work. None of these names occurs within pp. 1 – 64 (which may have appeared in either 1868 or 1869).


Introduction
Martin Theodor von Heuglin (born March 20, 1824in Hirschlanden, Württemberg, died November 5, 1876 in Stuttgart), was a German explorer and ornithologist.Trained as a mining engineer he travelled through north-eastern Africa between 1851 and 1862, to the Red Sea and Eritrea from 1856 to 1857 and to Sudan from 1863 to 1864.Besides Africa, Heuglin also explored the northern Polar Regions in 1870 and 1871 (Bacmeister, 1950;Gebhardt, 1964) and some of these trips may well have disturbed his concentration on the publication of the book about which we write.
His major work, "Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's, der Nilquellen-und Küsten-Gebiete des Rothen Meeres und des nördlichen Somal-Landes" on which we report here, treated some 950 species, but due to his earlier publications, the only novelties are three new genera and 36 new species-group names.
Heuglin's work was, at least initially, rather unskilled.In his 1856 publication, "Systematische Übersicht der Vögel Nord-Ost-Afrika's" most new names had to be regarded as nomina nuda (Blanford, 1870, Schifter, 1991).Indeed, only those names he later re-published with descriptions are valid, and they date from their re-publication.He was also responsible, over the years, for creating a good many synonyms and for using incorrect subsequent spellings of his own names.
By the late 1860s, however, he was encouraged by two leading ornithologists: Otto Finsch and Gustav Hartlaub.Heuglin not only exchanged manuscripts with them and quoted from their work; he also quoted freely from their proof-sheets in his own works, especially in the "Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's" (Sharpe, 1870).Because these authors were producing their own "Die Vögel Ost-Afrikas" (Finsch & Hartlaub, 1870) the original authorship of certain names depends on dates of publication rather than who actually coined each name.The modern convention is that acknowledging the author of the MS name, an action which may have presumed that that author would retain credit for it, is insuffi cient to achieve that objective; and authorship instead belongs to he who published the name, which implies giving it validity by publishing a description as well (I.C.Z.N. 1999, Art. 50.1).If the author of the MS name provided a description and it is clear that it was his, for example because it is placed in quotation marks, the publisher of the work in which this is included does not become the author of the name.
Our principal reason for this review was to establish authorship for names appearing in both "Die Vögel Ost-Afrikas" and "Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's".The former work appeared as volume four in von der Decken's travels, and had been preceded by an account by Cabanis (1869a) of the birds collected by von der Decken himself and for which Heuglin had prepared 18 plates (Hartlaub, 1870: 11 -12;Anonymous, 1870: 127).Volume 4, "Die Vögel Ost-Afrikas", was published sometime in May or June 1870 (Anonymous 1870;Trömel 1870) at a point when some of Heuglin's work had appeared and some had not.Heuglin supplied the plate of Falco concolor for use by Finsch & Hartlaub, and in his own Vorwort Heuglin (1869: XII) thanked Otto Kersten, its publisher, for access to the proofs of their coming work.This may have been a reciprocal arrangement in that Hartlaub may have seen proofs of Heuglin's plates for his own works at a stage when they were still unnumbered.
Finsch (1870) had earlier read a paper to the Zoological Society of London dealing with collections made in 'north-eastern Abyssinia and the Bogos country' by William Jesse and this was being published in the Transactions of that Society, and issues of precedence exist between that and "Die Vögel Ost-Afrikas", but these do not concern us directly here.Of the three African names that appear to be new in there one, Lanius fallax, is also introduced by Heuglin; both publications may date from June 1870.Was it not that this name is pre-dated by Lanius aucheri Bonaparte, 1853, this issue of precedence would have to be carefully explored and a First Reviser selection might be required.
We supply, in Appendix III, a list of new generic names and species-group names that we believe were introduced by Heuglin in "Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's".

Some bibliographic terms
While the term 'part-work' is readily understandable, the word 'part' in English is used in different ways.With "Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's" we have a book where the two volumes have their own Vertebrate Zoology ■ 61 (1) 2011 part and even occasionally further details on what the wrapper contained (Gaskell, 1972).It was not unusual that some part of this information was added by hand to the printed text.Thus a part number might be written in, in a space foreseen for that, and a date of perhaps three digits, such as 187, might have a 0 or a 1 or 2 written in.Wrappers served as a temporary folder or binding and they helped the owner know that nothing had been left out and the binder to begin ordering the pages for binding -although binding instructions were usually necessary to place content with page numbers that differed from the main text and to place the plates.Binding was usually left to the buyer to purchase at a cost and a degree of elaborateness dictated by taste and budget (Gaskell, 1972).

Methodology
We have inspected and compared information from six complete copies, two from Vienna (The "Emperor copy" in the Austrian National Library and the copy in the library of the bird collection of the Natural History Museum), two in the Natural History Museum, Tring (the Rothschild copy and the Shelley copy), and one copy each from Naturalis, Leiden, and the Zoological Research Museum A. Koenig, Bonn.(We have additional information from two copies from the Library of the Taylor Institution, University of Oxford, and from the Library of the University of Illinois).We carefully examined the pagination and the signature numbers and other clues that might help us to determine the composition of issues, such as apparent changes between portions of the volumes in terms of paper quality or colour.
To obtain information on publication dates, additional to those available to Zimmer (1926), we relied mainly on the Archiv für Naturgeschichte for the years 1868 to 1875 but also consulted the Börsenblatt des Deutschen Buchhandels (1868 -1875), although the set we had access to was lacking information in the second half of 1870.We have also drawn on an unpublished bibliographic card fi le created by Charles W. Richmond as he worked on what appeared in microfi che form as "The Richmond index to genera and species of birds" (Richmond 1992).These quite separate, unpublished cards (herein 'Richmond MS.') can be consulted with the permission of the Division of Birds of the United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
Our fi rst task was to prepare a collation of the work and to associate the available information to a specifi c location in that collation.Having done this we set out to determine whether Lieferungen were con-parts ("Abtheilungen", outmoded for Abteilungen), of several hundred pages each, and we have the parts to which Zimmer (1926) refers being issued, not singly, but, usually in pairs.These are what the publishers referred to as Lieferungen (singular Lieferung; in French livraison, a term also used in English bibliographies) and this term appeared in most of the reviews.We retain this term in preference to using 'part' in English because the term part could equally be used for the German terms Heft and Abtheilung.Indeed the latter term is relevant as each volume had the main text by Heuglin divided into two Abtheilungen, and for this we do use 'part'.The term 'issue' is properly used, as we do, for each complete published part and here, as we shall see, an issue almost always comprised two Lieferungen, rarely more.
Printers set type for a number of pages, placing the type in a frame, and, after inking, one side after the other was printed, and the layout was such that when folded, cut and bound the pages would appear in numerical order (Gaskell, 1972).To print an octavo work, and the Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's is an octavo work, the sheet would have eight leaves printed on each side and would thus yield 16 printed pages.This is referred to as a signature (also known less ambiguously as gatherings; German: Bögen; in French feuilles or cahiers).These, probably folded but not cut or trimmed, the printers would have delivered to the publishers (Gaskell, 1972).Consequently any issue would be made up of one or more signatures (with, where necessary, a 'short signature' being used to achieve the desired cut-off point).At this period in printing history booksellers received these works unbound.The purchaser could check that no numbered signature seemed to be missing.The binder might then receive them in the order of publication but this might not be the recommended sequence for binding.
So while signatures were numbered, in this work in the right hand corner at the foot of their fi rst page (except for the fi rst one in any series which was often considered not to need a number), it was sometimes necessary to signal a major difference in the make-up of the work and signature numbering might change from Arabic to Roman numerals; letters were also used in place of numbers (in the 18 th century letters were the norm not numbers).
By the mid 19 th century it was common practice to sell books as part-works.These allowed purchase by subscription spreading a buyer's costs and allowed the printer to print that, and then take down that type and set the next part, permitting some economy in the printer's purchase of type.In this process it was usual for the printer to provide some kind of wrapper with each part: most were printed with the title of the work and sometimes with a date of publication of the which is placed, as one would expect, before the text for the fi rst half.This, an Introduction to the whole of Heuglin's text, was published in bits, beginning with its fi rst 16 pages in 1874 in Lieferungen 46/47 as is evident from the "Notiz für den Buchbinder" [= Notice for the bookbinder], and these Lieferungen appeared after Heuglin's main text for the work running through to p. 1512, in Lieferungen 42/43, and part of the 'Nachträge' [= Amendments], had already been issued.
Volume 2, contains pp.853 -1512 as well as the 'Nachträge und Berichtigungen' [= Amendments and Corrigenda], of some 200 pages, and the Index.The main work is again divided into two parts; the fi rst comprises pp.853 -1251 (the latter has the verso blank), and is preceded by a title page, saying "Ausgegeben am 1. April 1873" [= Issued 1 April 1873], and followed by a title page to the Zweite Abtheilung, saying "Ausgegeben am 31.October 1873" [= issued 31 October 1873] and this part continues to the middle of p. 1511, after which a page and a half of "Nachschrift" [= postscript] is added ending the volume on p. 1512 (thus having a short last signature of just 4 pages).Zimmer (1926) reported that Heuglin's main text, fi nishing on p. 1512, all appeared by the end of 1873 and that that year's output also included pages from 917 onwards, whereas Pelzeln (1873Pelzeln ( , 1874) ) referring to the Lieferungen, which he consistently presents as pairs, as 'Doppel-Hefte', reported that 1872 saw the Lieferungen completed up to numbers 30/31 including the Charadriadae [sic] and the Dromadidae, and thus to the end of signature 66 on page 1044.From there to page 1512 he implicitly accepted from 1873.A third part follows with a fresh title page: the 'Nachträge und Berichtigungen' which adds "Mit Beiträgen von Dr. O. Finsch" [= With contributions from Dr. O. Finsch]; this is dated 1871.The pages carry Roman numerals from I -CCIX, followed by Zusätze [= Addenda], pages CCXI -CCXXXVIII, and two indexes (genera and species) with page numbers CCXXXIX to CCCXXV.The 1871 title page of the "Nachträge und Berichtigungen" is chronologically out of place; this is because this commentary began to appear well before the work itself was complete.In fact 1871 is itself incorrect: the evidence suggests that the fi rst 48 pages were part of Lieferungen 24/25 and appeared in 1872 (Pelzeln 1873: 18): but these still chronologically preceded pages 917 -1512 of the main text.
We shall have more to report from the reviews of Hartlaub and Pelzeln, and others, in our section on dating the issues, but all but one of the issues seem to have comprised two Lieferungen and we believe 28 issues suffi ced for the 57 Lieferungen.
The sequence of the main text divides the birds into eight orders (Accipitres, Passeres, Scansores, sistent in size as regards the number of signatures, and whether issues were consistent as to the number of Lieferungen included.

Bibliographic details of Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's: text
The only detailed bibliographic description for Heuglin's "Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's" available is that provided by Zimmer (1926: 301 -302), who included what he knew of its dates of issue.He wrote that there were 57 parts and that the "actual dates of publication appear to be indeterminable".
A Prospectus for this work, dated November 1868, was distributed during a meeting of the board of the German Ornithological Society and it was announced that it would be loosely inserted in one issue of the Journal für Ornithologie (Cabanis 1869b: 67; Richmond MS.).The prospectus stated that issues would be of two or three Bögen (signatures) and two plates (Richmond MS.).Hartlaub (1869: 111) indicated that 15 Lieferungen were to be expected with 50 coloured plates, and on December 2, 1868 the Börsenblatt (1868: 279) announced a work comprising 15 Lieferungen with 30 coloured plates.No doubt either the '30' or the '50' is a typographical error.In the end there were 57 Lieferungen and 52 plates including the map; so the text evidently expanded well beyond its original predicted size.
Volume 1, containing text pp. 1 -851 issued as 23 Lieferungen, spread over 9 or more issues.The fi rst 11 made up Part I of the volume, which has its own title page (saying "Ausgegeben am 1. November 1869" [= issued 1 November 1869]), and ended at p. 416.With Lieferungen 9 to 11 came the Vorwort to this volume (Hartlaub 1870: 11), signed "Ober-Türkheim (Württemberg), im October 1869", thus corroborating the date on the title page.The Vorwort is pp.[V] -XII and bound after it come 4 unnumbered pages dated October 1869 including a list of subscribers and confi rmation that the fi rst part of this volume is completed.The later Einleitung is bound in next.
The second Part of this volume, also with its own title page (saying "Abgeschlossen den 1. Juni 1871" [= fi nished 1 June 1871]), and made up of Lieferungen 12 to 23, took the pagination to p. 851 with the verso of that page blank.Hartlaub (1872: 11) reporting on parts 18 to 23 as received in 1871, wrote "Der erste Band schliesst mit S. 850" [= the fi rst volume ends with page 850]; this virtually corroborates the 1871 date on this title page.At the time this appeared volume 1 probably still lacked some of its plates.It certainly also lacked the Einleitung issues in which the Einleitung appeared.Finally in the Vienna copy a handwritten note from Pelzeln helped us to date Lieferungen 40 and 41 and to verify their pagination.
Sources agree that pp. 1 -64 made up the fi rst two Lieferungen and that these were issued together, and here each Lieferung contained two 16-page signatures.
Before turning to the plates we now tabulate the output of text pages each year which the evidence supports (Table 1): The evidence supporting this table is presented in Appendix I, where we also provide indications of pagination per Lieferung, where possible, and mention the signatures of text that were involved.A few qualifi cations are needed.Pages 1-64 may date from 1869 as suggested by Zimmer (1926), but we are convinced by Hartlaub (1869) who mentioned pp.1-64 (which Zimmer considered Lieferungen 1 and 2) and listed the subjects of the four plates.However, the publisher recalled booksellers' surplus stock of Lieferungen 1 & 2 on May 28, 1869 (Anonymous, 1869a(Anonymous, : 1702) ) and then announced their availability, or perhaps reissue, with Lieferungen 3 & 4 in July 1869 (Anonymous, 1869b: [advertisement no 36609]) an announcement which may have been misread as signalling the fi rst availability of Lieferungen 1 and 2. Zimmer seems to have miscopied page 192 as 142 (which is not the last page of its signature); but (Anonymous, 1869b) gave p. 192, which, taking account of the usual number of Columbae, Gallinae, Struthiones, Grallae, and Natatores); within these they are arranged in families.
Here, we have an Einleitung (pages I -CVIII), prepared and published after the main text but to be bound before it.It was followed by an un-numbered page with a statement by "Der Verfasser" ("the author") dated "Stuttgart, im November 1874".The Index ("Inhaltsverzeichniss") refers to this as "Schlussbe merkungen CIX", i.e. the Conclusions.In the Einleitung, which, for the binder, needed distinguishing so that it would be placed near the front of volume 1, the printers used successive signature letters instead of signature numbers.The "Nachträge und Berichtigungen", included in volume 2, continues the numbered signatures but the pages have Roman numerals.
In the Leiden set we found a notice to the binders (see Fig. 1) which contains information specifying the  mark made by these authors, under 'Afrika', is usually not where the plates are mentioned (by number or subject).Once all the information is extracted we have information for 31 plates of birds, not eggs, and reason -by exception -to assume that the last ten appeared in 1874.
In Appendix II we list plates 1 to 41 (these being Heuglin's 'new' numbers), along with other numbers used for them, and detail their content as well as modern scientifi c names for them (and an indication of which are in synonymy), and we include the page numbers on which each subject is discussed in the text.We do not include plates that we believe were created but not issued.
In the short table below (Table 2) we give only Heuglin's new numbers, to check the sources we list the longer Appendix will be needed as there we give both old and new numbers -all converted from the Roman numerals which Heuglin used.
There is some contradiction between the various reviewers about plates seen, which suggests that sometimes plates were supplied with a given issue of text, specifi ed in Lieferungen or pages, but not always.While we could speculate on each inconsistency this would not resolve the confl icts and, as regards the plates, we feel it is best to rely on the information from the Archiv für Naturgeschichte despite the fact that we have evidence from two other sources that Lieferungen 43 and 44 appeared in 1873, and, as we do not know which plates accompanied that issue, we have to assume here that all remaining plates appeared in 1874.
However, as well as some lasting confusion there is corroboration for the year of issue of over half of the bird plates (23/41).It will be recalled that ZIMMER (1926) mentioned his sources and that these did not include the Archiv für Naturgeschichte, thus where ZIMMER mentioned a plate and it is also mentioned in the Archiv für Naturgeschichte there is the potential for corroboration.It should be noted that in ZIM-MER's plate listings, all of which mention HEUGLIN's pages per issue, is much more logical.Pages 917 to 1044 were dated from 1873 by Zimmer, but he did not refer to the Archiv für Naturgeschichte where the relevant Lieferung numbers are to be found.Finally, while Pelzeln (1875) reported completion through to Lieferung 57, this, although credible, cannot be substantiated by other evidence: except as regards Lieferungen 48/49, which we believe to have been the fourth and last issue of parts of the "Nachträge und Berichtigungen" [Amendments and Corrigenda].This was announced on November 2, 1874 (Anonymous, 1874: 253) and that might suggest that the remaining issues only appeared in 1875; however these only concern the Einleitung and thus any necessary future date correction will not have an impact on a name in the main text.And, as we shall show below, all the plates are accounted for in the years 1868 to 1874.
The evidence suggests that issues normally comprised 64 pages, or Doppellieferungen (Cabanis, 1869c(Cabanis, , 1869e, 1870a(Cabanis, , 1870b(Cabanis, , 1871b(Cabanis, , 1871c(Cabanis, , 1872a(Cabanis, , 1872b(Cabanis, , 1873a)).However, Lieferungen were not always 32 pages, sometimes three sixteen-page signatures were grouped rather than two.Our understanding of the pagination per issue is imperfect; it is sometimes possible to be sure where one issue started or fi nished but this is not always so, and that is why we can offer reliability only at the level of year dates.And, in this context, remember that plates, captioned with scientifi c names (sometimes new names), could and sometimes did, appear before the relevant texts and vice versa.
We have located no report of comparing the original pages 1 -64 with the 'reissues' in June or July 1869; the recall notice was addressed only to booksellers and it may be that there were enough copies returned to meet demand without a need to set up type again for a reprint.

Bibliographic details of Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika's: plates
Heuglin (pp.G and H) listed 52 plates but the last of these was his map which was reported as issued with the Vorwort to volume 1.Of the 52 plates, plates 1-41 are of birds, depicting 63 species, and 42 to 51 are of eggs and illustrate the eggs of 62 species.The map is bound in last.
The information on the appearance of the plates seems incomplete, confusing and contradictory -until the information in all the pages of the Archiv für Naturgeschichte (Hartlaub, 1869(Hartlaub, , 1870(Hartlaub, , 1871(Hartlaub, , 1872;;Pelzeln, 1873Pelzeln, , 1874Pelzeln, , 1875) ) is added to the mix.It is necessary to say 'all the pages' because the fi rst re-

167
Vertebrate Zoology ■ 61 (1) 2011 he must have decided that it was only minimally different from SMITH's species.Subsequently, it has been widely accepted that it is different enough to deserve the name schoanus which is used at subspecifi c level.Two more names, Saxicola frenata (old pl.No. 12a) and Psittacus citreicapillus (old pl.No 26) could be new and are discussed below.
The earlier of the two usages seems to be resolvable based on the evidence we have assembled; only one dates from the plate and two from their texts: Elminia longicauda minor dates from the plate, issued with Lieferungen 5 and 6 in 1869 (ZIMMER, 1926;HARTLAUB, 1870: 32); the text (p.446) was published in 1870 (ZIMMER, 1926).
Francolinus schoanus dates from the text (p.891) in 1872 (PELZELN, 1873: 64;ZIMMER 1926); the plate probably appeared only in 1874 (PELZELN, 1875: 46).None of these cases would need review if the plates we list for 1874 were actually published later or in 1873.
Saxicola frenata; could date from the text (pp 345 -346), but as we yet do not know the month' date, publication has to be taken as 31 December 1869 (I.C.Z.N. 1999: Art.Art.21.3.2),and thus is antedated by HEUGLIN (1869b: 158) of May 1869.It is unlikely the precedence of the May 1869 paper will be reversed.The plate was issued in 1874.
Psittacus citreicapillus; the plate dates from 31 December 1868 (I.C.Z.N. 1999: Art.Art.21.3.2),based on HARTLAUB (1869: 111).No month's dates are yet available for "Die Papageien, monographisch be arbeitet" (FINSCH 1868), where the species is described as Pionias citrinocapillus.So both must be dated from 31 December 1868 and the case is open, until more details are retrieved.The text dates from 1871 and can be disregarded.The name used there changed already to FINSCH's name Pionias citrinoca pillus and refers to the original description.Although both works must be attributed the same date the odds favour FINSCH's description as having appeared fi rst, because the HART-LAUB date is not corroborated; we therefore act as First Revisers and select FINSCH's name as the prior name and of course we attribute it to FINSCH.

Conclusions
That the make-up and timing of publication of this work has been insuffi ciently understood for so long seems to be largely due to a failure to check the Archiv für Naturgeschichte both by Zimmer (1926) and by later authors who have used mistaken dates (e.g.'old numbers', he listed plate II twice (and a third time with a query).Because we know the subjects of the four plates in Lieferungen 1 & 2 from HARTLAUB (1869), we can state that ZIMMER should here have reported plates I, III, XXIV and XXVI.ZIMMER mentioned 23 plates and we found corroboration for 17 or more of them (the 'more', four of them, come from resolving the confl ict between HARTLAUB's 1868 date for those issued with Lieferungen 1 and 2, compared to 1869 given by ZIMMER, and at the same time, sorting out correctly which those plates were).This makes 21 and leaves two plates, to make 23, where the information in the Archiv für Naturgeschichte disagrees with ZIMMER; these relate to pll.14, and 21 both of which ZIMMER dated 1873 (citing Lieferungen 28/43) while PELZELN (1873) dated both from 1872.If one accepts that these two plates appeared with Lieferungen 28/29 or 30/31 and that these could have been in 1872, then the apparent disagreement is resolved; this we believe is the correct understanding and we are comfortable relying on the more complete information in the Archiv für Naturgeschichte.Some plate numbers were overprinted but others seem only to be found corrected by hand, which would have been possible for anyone after the plate list appeared in 1874; such corrections were probably made by buyers once the work was complete.In the copies examined no plates with the 'old numbers ' 5, 29, 31, 32, 34 -36, 41 and 44 -47 are to be found: these may have been assigned numbers that were changed before they were printed, but at least '5', a very early number in the series, may have been printed and suppressed.In addition originally misnumbered plates can be found; the old number 19 is to be seen, both on new plate 24, depicting Hyphantornis atrogularis and on new plate 25, illustrating the heads of four estrildid fi nches and a serin (and yet HEUG-LIN's index gives the old number of the latter as 21b, a number not to be found in the text or in the reviews).In seven species accounts there is no mention of a relevant plate (in Appendix II these are marked 'no number' in the appropriate column); all seven of these appeared in plates some time after their texts had been published, and it seems clear that late decisions were made to add these illustrations .
Plates are particularly important in relation to names that appeared on plates which were issued before the text descriptions.Of the 63 species depicted just three depictions are undoubtedly of newly-named taxa: Saxicola scotocerca (old pl.No. 12b); Elminia longicauda minor (old pl.No. 15) -an early trinomial name; and Francolinus pilcatus [sic] (old pl.No. 29), a name fi rst used, spelled pileatus, by SMITH ( 1838), here HEUGLIN believed his specimen(s) to represent a new species, and described it and named it as Francolinus Schoanus, but by the time his text appeared Peters, 1934), doubtless sometimes because such authors did not read German easily.However, confl icting information apparent from Zimmer (1926) must also have played a role.It seems that such confl icts spring from the probable late arrival in England of Lieferungen 1 and 2, from a failure of reviewers to mention the pagination of each set of Lieferungen and to separate the different issues by their time of arrival within the year (the cause of the uncertainty that remains) and from the misnumbering of certain plates.
Some of Heuglin's errors and omissions must be due to his north polar trips in 1870 (March to November) and 1871 (July to October) which also delayed the progress of the book (Cabanis, 1870b: 461) and we understand that Heuglin, lacking a permanent scientifi c position, also had fi nancial problems, although he had some income from more popular works which he published (see Schüz, 1972 andSchmid, 1997).Financial constraints may well have led to the delayed issues of many plates compared to the Prospectus announcement of two with each Lieferung.
There remains a need to evaluate all the names that Heuglin introduced, including nomina nova, and to establish the existence and location of the type or types of each new name.We believe we have now provided a framework for dealing with that task and as a springboard provide our Appendix III as a basis for discussion and review.in Sept. (Nov.)1870 on p. 461 although there just said to be 'fi nished'.Conclusion: Page 656, the end of signature 41, is consistent with the content reported above.Thus pages 417 to 656 (signatures 27 -41) appeared this year.1871 Hartlaub (1872: 11)   : reported that these were acknowledged in Journal für Ornithologie for Jan, 1871 (p.79).: reported that these were acknowledged in Journal für Ornithologie for May 1871 (p.158).: Richmond reported that these were acknowledged in Journal für Ornithologie for Sept. 1871 (p.400) and also notes that Ibis reported Lieferungen 18 -23 as being pp.627 (error?for 657) to 851.Advertised in Börsenblatt (25 Jan. 1872) but almost certainly advertised (wrongly as Lieferungen 23 and 24) in the Börsenblatt (11 Nov. 1871).Conclusion: it is reasonable to conclude pp.657 -852 (signatures 42 to 54) appeared this year.Signature 54 was just 4 pages long.
1872 Pelzeln (1873: 18) detailed the receipt of and contents of Lieferungen 24 -31 so that for these Lieferungen, taking signature details into account, we can be sure of the pagination of each of these 4 issues.Sharpe (1873: 27 [ZR 9 for 1872]) reported pp.i -xlviii, 853 -916 and stated that Lieferungen 24 and 25 contained an appendix on the Accipitres.Sclater & Finsch (1873: 457 [The Ibis]) reported the appearance of pp.853 -1044 and contain the Gallinae, Struthionae and Grallae as far as Dromas ardeola.
Lieferungen 3 and 4: Formally reported by Hinrichs (2 July 1869).Clearly this began with p. 65.Lieferungen 5 and 6: in the Journal für Ornithologie of Sept. 1869 (p.360) the appearance of pts.3/4 and 5/6 is mentioned and the pagination given as 65 -192.Page 192 is the last page of signature 12. Thus published no later than September 1869 (unless that issue of the Journal für Ornithologie was seriously late, and we know of no evidence suggesting this).Lieferungen 7 and 8: we have found no specifi c information on this issue.Lieferungen 9, 10 and 11: these included, or came out with, the Vorwort and the map (Hartlaub 1870: 11).Availability of Lieferungen 1 -11 advertised in Börsenblatt (3 Dec. 1869).Conclusion: the evidence supports completion of part 11, and that ending on p. 416, in 1869.It is possible that Lieferungen 7 to 11 appeared together and accounted for pp.193 -416.This would amount to signatures 13 -26 (preceded within the year by signatures 5 to 12).Overall pagination for the year 65 -416 (possibly 1 -416).
Lieferungen 24 and 25 [pp.I -XLVIII; sig. 1 -3]: Formally announced by Hinrichs (9 July 1872).The Journal für Ornithologie for March 1872 (p.160) reported that the fi rst part of the "Nachträge and Berichtingungen" had been issued, and Sharpe (1873: 27) referred to these two Lieferungen mentioning the Accipitres.: The Journal für Ornithologie for July 1872 (p.319) reported Doppel-Lieferungen 1 & 2 for volume 2. These two Lieferungen are the fi rst Doppel-Lieferung.These Lieferungen picked up the main text again and included the Pteroclidae, Meleagridae and Tetraonidae.These begin on p. 853 (start of signature 55) and as the Tetraonidae end on p. 924 must fi nish either at p. 900 or p. 916.The latter, the last page of signature 58, making a 64 pp.issue is the most likely.: These, the second Doppel-Lieferung, included more Tetraonidae, Grallae, Otididae and Charadriadae.The paper stock changes colour at p. 981 (fi rst page of signature 63).We conclude that this issue is another typical 64 page issue.Lieferungen 30 and 31 [pp. 981 -1044;sig. 63 -66]: The Journal für Ornithologie for Sept 1872 (p.400) reported Doppel-Lieferung 3.This included more Cha ra driadae and Dromadidae; thus from p. 981 with the differing paper, through to p. 1044 (end of signature 66) which agrees in leaving two more pages to come for the Dromadidae and with the pagination reported in The Ibis.Conclusion: we may safely conclude that pp.853 -1044 (signatures 55 to 66) appeared this year.
Lieferungen 46 and 47: the notice to the bookbinder states that these included pp.I -XVI of the Einleitung (signature A).We presume that pp.CXIII -CLX of the Nachträge und Berichtigungen (signatures 8 to 10) completed this issue.64 pp.Lieferungen 48 and 49: advertised in the Börsenblatt (2 Nov. 1874).We presume this was made up of pp.CLXI-CCXXIV (signatures 11 to 14) of the Nachträge und Berichtigungen, up to p. CCIX and the Zusätze from pp.CCXI to CCXXIV.64 pp.Lieferungen 50 and 51: the notice to the bookbinder makes clear that these Lieferungen held the Einleitung; here beginning with p. XVII.We presume that this issue ended with p. LXXX (thus being signatures B, C. D and E and making 64 pages).Lieferungen 52 and 53: the notice to the bookbinder makes clear that these Lieferungen held the Einleitung.If our preceding assumptions are correct then this included pp.LXXXI -CVIII (signatures F and G or 28 pages plus a blank leaf) and also included the Inhaltsverzeichniss (pp.[A] to H; 8 pp.).Total: 38 pp.Lieferungen 54 and 55: no direct evidence; presumably continuing from Lieferungen 48 and 49 and thus the rest of the Zusätze, pp.CCXXV -CCXXXVIII, and the "Index der Genera und Subgenera" and the "Index der Species-Namen" (part), and thus in total pp.CCXXV-CCLXX (signatures 15 -17 in the series begun for the Nachträge).Total 46 pp.-which is explained by signature 15 being a short signature of just 14 pages.Lieferungen 56 and 57: no direct evidence.Presumably the remains of the Index and thus pp.CCLXXI -CCCXXXV (signatures 18-21 plus 1 extra leaf).Total 65 pp.Conclusion: given that the fi nal Lieferungen can really only have been indexes and will have contained no new descriptions it seems acceptable to consider that Pelzeln was correct and that the work was completed in 1874.That it was not treated by Salvin until the following year is probably just due to delivery time.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Notice to the book binders, giving information on the contents of the two volumes as well as on the issues in which the introduction (Einleitung) appeared.
Detailed plate list associating each plate with a Lieferung and year of issue.Numbers are given by Heuglin in Roman numerals.¶ = no plate number given in the text; § footnote;Zimmer  (1926: 301)  (whose given plate numbers are 'old numbers') listed pll.I, II, XXV and XXVI as issued with Lief. 1 and 2. Hartlaub (1869) cited the subjects of the four plates and is best followed.

Table 2 .
Publication dates for plates and the Lieferungen with which they were issued.