According to Taylor (1950, as osmanhilli), Ganesh and Vogel (2018, as anamallensis) and our own observations, Lycodon fasciolatus can be diagnosed as follows: (1) dorsal scales smooth in 17 rows at fore- and midbody and 15 before vent, (2) one to three preventrals followed by 174–204 laterally angulate ventrals (max. 197 for Indian populations), (3) 59–74 paired subcaudals, (4) a divided anal scale, (5) nasals in contact with first supralabial, naris large (6) internasals much smaller than prefrontals, (7) frontal shorter than its distance to tip of snout, shorter than parietals, (8) loreal elongated, nearly twice as long as high, (9) one preocular, usually not in contact with frontal (10) two postoculars, (11) supraocular usually in contact with prefrontal, (12) 2+3+4 temporals, (13) nine supralabials, third to fifth in contact with eye, (14) 10–11 sublabials, first five in contact with anterior submaxillars, (15) a thin, small head, reddish brown coloured, slightly darker than body, (16) iris black, pupil scarcely visible, (17) dorsal colour brown or reddish brown, (18) collar absent, first band just behind neck, curved backwards, (19) whole body with short cream white or yellow, irregularly shaped bands or blotches strippled with black, scarcely extending to the flanks, not reaching the lateral edges of ventrals, (adults sometimes patternless), (20) body lateral with four to five thin longitudinal interrupted whitish lines (21) supralabials creme white or yellow, anterior ones with a distinct dark brown spot in its center, (22) short hemipenis reaching to eighth subcaudal, covered with numerous long flounces and spines, (23) total length up to 52 cm, (24) relative tail length 0.14–0.20.

Russell (1796) does not provide specific information for the origin of his “Nooni Paragoodoo”, Shaw (1802) only states “India” as the type locality for C. fasciolatus and Daudin (1803), referring to the title of Russell’s publication, i.e. “Coromandel” as the origin of his C. hebe. As already noted by Bauer (2015, p. 35) the description of C. fasciolatus is based on a single specimen and the snake depicted on plate 21 in Russell (1796) is the holotype. This makes Wallach et al’s (2014, p. 54) lectotype designation unnecessary and their type locality restriction “Vizagapatam, coast of Coromandel, India” [= Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh state, SE India, 17°41’N, 83°13’E, elevation 25 m] via lectotype selection” is unjustified because no such information was provided by Russell for the holotype. Even considering that Russell spent most of the time of his service for the East India Company in the Visakhapatnam district (Andhra Pradesh state of India), it is not clear whether he captured the individual specimen himself. Russell (1796) mentioned 11 persons by name who sent him material but does not name anybody in relation to the “Nooni Paragoodoo”. Other specimens described by him without a named donor and therefore possibly captured by himself personally came from Lake Ankapilly, Bimblipatam, Boni, Masulupatam and Nerva in Andhra Pradesh, from Tanjore in Tamil Nadu, from Ganjam in Odisha and Hyderabad in Telangana. Strictly speaking, besides Vizagapatnam any of these places could be considered as the possible type locality of L. fasciolatus.

Lycodon fasciolatus seems to be widespread in southern peninsular India and recent records from the Coromandel region support the possible demarcation of the type locality in this area. According to Das and de Silva (2005, as L. osmanhilli), Ganesh and Chandramouli (2011, as L. aulicus morph 2), Ganesh and Vogel (2018, as L. anamallensis), and Madawala et al. (2019, as oanamallensis [sic] or anamalensis [sic]), L. fasciolatus is known from the Indian states of Kerala (Kannur, Mundakayam), Tamil Nadu (Anaimalai Hills, Chennai, Mannampandal), Andhra Pradesh (Nallamala Hills) and from Sri Lanka (Ampara, Andigama, Chilaw, Colombo, the Jaffna Peninsula, Kandy, Matara, Peradeniya, Tabbowa, Yala). In the present study, the species is found to be common along the Ganjam coast up to Chhatrapur and we also report the northernmost record from Ganjam, Odisha state of India (see Appendix 10). This species was found inhabiting Pandanus odorifer (Forsskål), Kuntze bushes, other scrub vegetation, agricultural fields and occasionally entering human habitation.

Some old records mention a specimen under the name Coluber or Coryphodon fasciolatus (Blyth 1855a, p. 291; Günther 1860, p. 163) collected by Major W.S. Sherwill at Darjeeling (West Bengal, India) but this refers to another taxon, probably also a Lycodon species.

Günther’s (1861, p. 218) record of C. fasciolatus from the central hilly region of Nepal, based on a coloured sketch in the B. H. Hodgson’s collection, shows a colubrid snake different from both wolfsnakes and racers and will be discussed below.

Recently, O’Shea et al. (2018) reviewed the complex taxonomic history and confusion surrounding L. capucinus and L. aulicus and finally considered capucinus, also based on molecular data published by Siler et al. (2013), as a valid species. They discussed the distribution of both species and presented a map showing the actual known range of L. capucinus with its westernmost mainland border running between northeastern India and Bangladesh. At the same time, O’Shea et al. (l.c., p. 71) stated that “[...] L. hebe (Daudin 1803), [is] now a synonym of L. capucinus; [...]” but neglected the fact that the origin of hebe Daudin, with its type locality on the Coromandel Coast of India, contradicts their presented distribution for L. capucinus.

Blyth (1855b, p. 740, smallprint) described Coluber vittacaudatus (collector unknown, holotype not located) from the vicinity of Darjeeling (West Bengal state, India) and considered it as allied to Coluber fasciolatus Shaw. The taxon fell into oblivion until Das et al. (1998, p. 157) listed it again as a valid species based on a personal communication by Van Wallach. Whitaker and Captain (2004, footnote 6) were unsure where C. vittacaudatus should be placed and Schätti et al. (2014, p. 384, smallprint) regarded it as “possibly a senior synonym of the Oriental ratsnake Orthriophis taeniurus yunnanensis (Anderson, 1879), and of O. taeniurus (Cope, 1861) as well.” The alleged relationship to C. fasciolata Shaw, as originally suggested by Blyth (1855b), prompted Wallach et al. (2014) and later Das and Das (2017) to place vittacaudatus into the previously monotypic genus Argyrogena Werner, unaware that fasciolatus Shaw is not a racer.

It is undisputed that Blyth (l.c.) considered the resemblance of C. vittacaudatus to C. fasciolatus in the sense of Shaw, so he clearly did not mean what is now commonly referred to as the Banded racer. Because of our clarification that C. fasciolatus is a wolfsnake, all previous assumptions concerning the identity of Coluber vittacaudatus Blyth are questionable.

We could not locate the two type specimens of Natrix plinii Merrem, 1820 among Russell’s dry and wet preserved material stored in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London, U.K. A wet preserved topotypic male (BMNH 37a) donated by P. Russell according to Günther (1858, p. 110) from “East Indies”, restricted to “Vizagapatam District” by Boulenger (1893, p. 405), does not correspond with the original data for the “Patza Tutta” published by Russell (1796 p. 34–35, pl. 29). Because of its lower ventral scale count (199 vs. 202), an incomplete tail (with 51 vs. 91 subcaudals) and a shorter snout-vent length (43.2 vs. 58.5 cm [1 ft 11 inch]), specimen BMNH 37a can be excluded as one of the syntypes. Also among the dried skin collections attributed to Russell (including BMNH 1837.9.26.48–49 and BMNH 1904.7.27.81) no specimen corresponds to his original data of the “Patza Tutta”.

The same applies to the type specimen of Coluber curvirostris Cantor, 1839 from “Bengal” which is not yet located. Although some of Cantor’s original specimens are known to be stored in the Natural History Museum, London (Adler 2007, 2016), we were unable to identify the holotype of C. curvirostris among the preserved specimens in the collection. A possible candidate donated by the Zoological Society of London to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) (BMNH 1851.9.13.260 from “India”), can be excluded as the holotype because it does not correspond to Cantor’s original data and plate, in respect of the number of ventrals (226 vs. 220) and subcaudals (88 vs. 85). A transcript of Cantor’s unpublished original manuscript for C. curvirostris, with an expanded description, is presented here in the Appendix (Note 2).

Based on our own data and summarized information from literature (Russell 1796; Smith 1943; Wilson 1967; Whitaker and Captain 2004), Platyceps plinii is characterized as follows: (1) dorsal scales smooth in 23–25 (exceptionally 21 or 22) rows at forebody, 23 (exceptionally 21 or 25) at midbody and 17 (exceptionally 16 or 15) before the vent, (2) one to three preventrals followed by 190–234 ventrals, (3) 73–101 paired subcaudals, (4) a divided cloacal plate, (5) nasals divided, in contact with first and second supralabial, naris medium sized (6) internasals smaller than prefrontals, (7) frontal shorter than its distance to tip of snout, as long as or little shorter than parietals, (8) loreal usually slightly longer than high, rarely as long as high or higher than long, exceptionally fused with prefrontal, (9) usually two (80% of examined specimens) exceptionally three preoculars, one larger upper preocular usually in contact with frontal and one (exceptionally two) very small lower presuboculars wedged between third and fourth supralabial, (10) two (exceptionally three) postoculars, (11) supraocular not in contact with prefrontal, (12) temporals variable, in anterior two (rarely three or one) and secondary three (rarely two) rows, (13) eight (exceptionally seven, nine or ten) supralabials, fourth and fifth (rarely fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh) in contact with the eye, (14) usually ten, sometimes nine or eleven sublabials, first four to five in contact with anterior submaxillars, (15) head wide and moderately pointed, barely distinct from neck, body round, olive brown to reddish brown coloured, patternless in adults or with light vermicular pattern in juveniles, (16) iris dark grey or blackish, pupil black with light brown corona, (17) dorsal colour greyish or reddish brown, (18) collar absent, (19) whole body patternless or with indistinct small light bands on forebody in adults; in juveniles with distinct black and white strippled bands reaching lateral edges of ventrals, extending to near vent, (20) supralabials creme brown, patternless, or with small light spots in juveniles (21) throat, ventral body and tail yellowish cream without pattern, (22) hemipenis simple; proximal fourth smooth; distal three fourths covered with small spines gradually decreasing in size distally; distal area with irregular shaped calyces, denser towards the apex (23) total length up to 148 cm, (24) relative tail length 0.19–0.31.

Pholidosis: Head 2.17–2.14 times longer than broad (males 1.17–2.14, females 1.22–2.05), canthus rostralis moderate developed. Rostral nearly twice as broad as high, clearly visible from above. Internasals usually shorter than prefrontals, sometimes equal in length in, e.g. BNHS 646 and BNHS 319, or slightly longer in, e.g. BMNH 62.8.14.29, MCZ R-28645, NMW 25465:3 and SMF 50409. Frontal 1.01–1.46 times longer than maximum width (males 1.01–1.46, females 1.02–1.32), 1.05–1.63 times longer than internasals and prefrontals (males 1.05–1.63, females 1.16–1.42), in Pakistani population from southern Sind equal in length in, e.g. SMF 50410 or slightly shorter incl. SMF 50406–407, SMF 50409, SMF 50446, SMF 62922 and in a specimen from ‘Bombay’ BNHS 646. Posterior border of parietals usually more or less straight or slightly indented (< shaped) at the median suture or, sometimes, forming an obtuse angle in, e.g. MNHN RA-0.6230. Posterior edge of parietals less than half of the maximum width. Loreal usually longer than high, equal in BNHS 3193, shorter in, e.g. BNHS 2857, BNHS 3107, ZMB 8053 (on right side) and SMF 50407 (on right side) or fused with prefrontal in SMF 62921 (on right side) and SMF 50446 (on both sides). Preocular single or with an additional small pre-subocular below it or rarely with two small pre-suboculars in SMF 62922. Preocular in contact with frontal or rarely separated in, e.g. MNHN RA-0.6230.

Predominantly eight supralabials, last two or three being larger (longer), fifth highest; nine in BMNH 1921.6.15.14–15, SMF 57311 (on left side), BNHS 3175 (on both sides), or seven in MCZ R-28645 (on right side). Usually fourth and fifth supralabials in contact with eye, fifth and sixth sometimes in specimens with nine supralabials, e.g. SMF 57311. Two postoculars except in a specimen from “India” without exact locality (BMNH 62.8.14.29) with three postoculars on left side; upper scale somewhat wider, lower usually higher. Normally two anterior temporals, sometimes three including BMNH 62.8.14.29 and NMW 18160 (on left side) and SMF 57311 (on right side), exceptionally one in NMW 25465:3 (on both sides). Secondary temporals variable, mostly three, sometimes two e.g. SMF 57312, SMF 50407 and SMF 50446 (on both sides), BNHS 642, SMF 62921, SMF 50406, and SMF 50410 (on left side) and BNHS 3107, SMF 50409 and SMF 62922 (on right side), or exceptionally four in e.g. ZMA RENA 12554 (left side). Mostly ten sublabials, sometimes eleven, including BMNH 1921.6.15.14 and SMF 57311 (on both sides), SMF 50407 and BMNH 37A (on left side), BNHS 646, BNHS 3175, SMF 50406 and SMF 50410 (on right side), or rarely nine, e.g. SMF 62922 (both sides); the anterior four to five scales in contact with first inframaxillary, the sixth or rarely seventh largest. Anterior inframaxillars normally longer and wider than, or about equal to, posterior pair, except in BMNH 62.8.14.29, BNHS 657, BNHS 3093, BNHS 3107, MNHN RA-0.6230, SMF 50407, SMF 62921–62922 and ZMB 8053. The posterior pair of inframaxillars usually separated by two or three rows of gular scales of variable shape and size. Gulars in three to four oblique rows between the apical edge of the posterior inframaxillars and first ventral. Ventrals in examined material 190–231 (males 190–220, females 215–231), last plate divided in SMF 50407. Usually two, sometimes one or three preventrals. Cloacal plate divided, right part overlapping left. Subcaudals in 73–101 pairs (males 81–101, females 73–89). Total body scales, including preventrals and terminal scale 273–321 (males 273–315, females 296–321). Dorsal scales, usually arranged in 23–25/23/17 rows along the trunk. Three specimens from Maharashtra (BMNH 3093, BMNH 642 and BMNH 646) show 27 anterior DSR; one specimen each from “Calcutta” (NMW 25463: 3), “India” (BMNH 37 A), and “Bangalore” (BMNH 1920.7.7.5) shows 21, 22 and 24 anterior DSR respectively. One specimen from Sind (SMF 50409) with 25 and one from “India” (BMNH 37 A) with only 21 midbody DSR and two specimens from Bangalore (BMNH 1921.615.14, BMNH 1920.7.7.5) with 16 DSR at posterior part of body. In contrast to Constable (1949) we counted 23 midbody DSR instead of 21 for MCZ R-28645 from “Bangalore”. Dorsal scale with paired apical pits. Supracaudal scales usually with two apical pits, up to three pits on the first three scales followed the supracaudal reduction.

Dorsal scale reduction formula summarized from 31 examined specimens (see Appendix 10; divergent data from literature [Wilson 1967] in square brackets). Only main reductions are given.

2+3, 3+4, or 10+11 (6–11) 2+3, 3+4, 7+8, 8+9, 9+10, or 10+11 (65–131) [79–133]

25 -------------------------------- 23 -------------------------------------------------------------------

3+4, or 10+11 (5–9) 2+3, 3+4, 7+8, 8+9, 9+10, or 10+11 (63–131) [82–129]

2+3, 3+4, 4+5, 8+9, 9+10, or 10+11 (68–145) [105–137]

21 ------------------------------------------------------------------------

1+2, 2+3, 3+4, 4+5, 7+8, 8+9, or 9+10 (68–142) [107–138]

4+5, 6+7, 7+8, 8+9, or 9+10 (111–192) [157–174] 7+8 (188–194)

19 ------------------------------------------------------------- 17 --------------------------- 15.

3+4, 4+5, 7+8, 8+9, or 9+10 (112–191) [156–178] 7+8, or 8+9 (190–195)

Six examined specimens (BMNH 1851.9.13.260, BMNH 1920.7.7.5, BMNH 1921.6.15.14, BMNH 1940.3.4.45, NMW 18160, and SMF 50409, all females) show an additional lateral or bilateral increase to 18 or 19 dorsal scale rows involving rows one to three between 89 and 99% of ventrals.

The hemipenis reaches up to 13^th subcaudals and is 36.9 mm in length and 8.2 mm maximum width at midbody and apex. It is divided into three distinct areas; the proximal area (nearly 30% of the total hemipenial length) is smooth without any ornamentation, middle zone (about 25% of the total hemipenial length) is with evenly scattered spinules and the apical calyculated portion (45% of the total hemipenial length). No enlarged spines are present, but the size of spinules at the proximal end are slightly larger than the ones at the distal end. The calyculated area can be further divided almost equally into proximal half with large calyces and distal half with smaller and denser calyces. The sulcus spermaticus is single, bounded with thick walls, runs straight across its length and opens into a delta (3 mm wide at apex, 1.9 mm in length), which is nude. The delta is subapical in position and the apex is calyculated, edged with fewer papillae. At the sulcate side, the calyces are larger proximally and gradually smaller and denser towards the distal end. The distal calyces are scalloped and edged with papillae. Along the asulcate side the spinous area starts more distally than the sulcate and lateral side. After the spinous zone, there are 2–3 rows of large calyces followed by densely packed calyces towards the apex. The proximal large calyces (9–10 in number) are of uneven size (mostly rounded or pentagonal) and among them the distal ones are scalloped. The large scalloped calyces are of 2.2–2.7 mm in length and 1.9–2.5 mm in width.

Wilson (1967) mentioned that the hemipenis is clavate, but in a fully inflated organ it starts widening from the middle and from the asulcate side there is a slight constriction between the midbody and apex. The ornamentation in ZSI-CZRC-6416 from Pune and ZSI-CZRC-6284 matches with that of LSUMZ 9425 as provided by Wilson (1967). However, the only available drawing of the organ as provided by the author is of the sulcate side, but apparently, differentiations in calyces are seen at the asulcate side.

15/15 maxillary teeth, the anterior 13/13 precranterian teeth are increasing in size posteriorly and are followed by a small diastema and 2/2 enlarged roundish cranterian teeth without groove. All maxillary teeth are slightly curved posteriorly, without significant interspaces. Medial to the precranterian teeth are single replacement tooth at different growth stages. One to two replacement teeth per cranterian tooth are found posteromedially to each tooth, showing different growth stages. 11/11 palatine teeth, decreasing in size posteriorly. All are curved posteriorly shortly above the base. Lateral to the palatine teeth there is a single replacement tooth at different growth stages. No significant interspace exists between the different palatine teeth. Posteromedial process of palatine large, expanding two pterygoid teeth. 13/12 pterygoid teeth, decreasing in size posteriorly. All are curved posteriorly shortly above the base. Lateral to the pterygoid teeth there is a single replacement tooth at different growth stages. No significant interspace exists between the different palatine teeth. The posterior 57% of the pterygoid are without teeth. 17/17 mandibular teeth, increasing in size up to tooth 5/5 and from there decreasing in size posteriorly. All are slightly curved posteriorly. Medial to the mandibular teeth there are 1–2 replacement teeth at different growth stages.

Wall (1914) based on one skull from his collection described 13 subequal maxillary teeth which are followed by a diastema which is as large as one tooth and followed by two little larger posterior teeth. He described 11 palatine, 15 to 16 pterygoid teeth all decreasing in length posteriorly and 18 mandibular teeth which increasing in length up to the fifth tooth and from there decrease in length posteriorly. Smith (1943, p. 159, fig. 48 D) depicted an upper jaw with 13 precranterian teeth which are increasing very slightly in size posteriorly and are followed by a distinct diastema and a pair of enlarged cranterian teeth. Wilson (1967, p. 271) mentioned like Smith (1943, p. 170), 12 –14 maxillary teeth followed by a distinct diastema but in contrast to the latter, Wilson (l. c.) identified the following two cranterian teeth as unenlarged and counted 9–11 palatine teeth, 14–17 pterygoid teeth, and 14–18 mandibular teeth. The dentition of four Indian specimens (BMNH 37a, see Fig. 12; MCZ R-28645; NMW 25465:3 and ZMB 4786a) is characterized by 12–14 maxillary teeth followed by a diastema (except MCZ R-28645, without diastema) and two enlarged cranterian teeth, 9–11 palatine teeth with a posteriomedial process of palatine expanding two or three pterygoid teeth, 13–17 pterygoid teeth with 48–52% of the posterior pterygoid without teeth, and 16–19 mandibular teeth, increasing in size up to tooth 4–6 and from there decreasing in size posteriorly.

Four specimens from Pakistan (SMF 50410, SMF 57312 and SMF 62921–22) show 12–14 maxillary teeth followed by a diastema (except SMF 50410, without diastema) and two enlarged cranterian teeth, 9–11 palatine teeth with a posteriomedial process of palatine expanding two pterygoid teeth, 14–17 pterygoid teeth with 48–58% of the posterior pterygoid without teeth, and 17–20 mandibular teeth, increasing in size up to tooth 4–7 and from there decreasing in size posteriorly.

The body is robust, moderately stout, roundish in cross-section at midbody. Head moderately pointed, barely distinct from neck. Eye large, 16–24% of head length. Male specimens grow slightly larger than females; the longest examined specimens are from Sind, Pakistan including a male (SMF 50446) with 1482 mm and a female (SMF 50409) with 1361 mm total length. The longest Indian specimen was reported by Gharpurey (1931) from Ahmednagar, Maharashtra with 1422 mm total length. The smallest male (NMW 25465: 3) with 336 mm and the smallest female (SMF 57311) with 553 mm total length came from “Calcutta” and Sind respectively. The tail versus body length ratio ranges from 0.21 to 0.31 (males 0.21–0.31, females 0.23–0.28). For ten specimens from Telangana state, India measured by Seetharamaraju (2014, p. 95 ff.) the tail versus body length ratio ranges from 0.19 to 0.23 (males 0.19, females 0.19–0.23).

Dorsal colour and pattern show a significant ontogenetic change. In juvenile and subadult specimens the dorsal ground colour is olive-brown to light brown, the head dorsally slightly darker with narrow elongated irregular shaped whitish markings. Along the body up to 70 narrow whitish/black or dark brown stippled crossbars, usually two scales wide and in contact with lateral edges of ventrals. The first band is separated from the posterior border of parietals, the interspace between bands is three to four dorsal scales wide. The intensity of bands decreases posteriorly and the contours become blurred near to the vent. Dorsocaudally the bands are dissolved in an irregular fine pattern of light and dark points. Temporals, preoculars and supralabials can show small whitish spots. From about 600 mm total length the colour and pattern of young specimens begin to fade and disappear gradually. Adult specimens are dorsally dark brown to dark reddish-brown without any markings on head, body or tail. The ventral side of head, body and tail in all age classes is patternless yellowish cream.

Platyceps plinii is commonly believed to occur from Pakistan in the West to Bangladesh in the East with a North to South distribution from Nepal to Sri Lanka (see e.g. Smith 1943; Mahendra 1984; Welch 1988; Daniel 2002; Gruber 2002; Whitaker and Captain 2004; Sharma 2007; Wallach et al. 2014; Das et al. 2019; Uetz et al. 2019). We analyzed pertinent literature and locality information from museum specimens to present a list of localities corrected and updated for each country (see below and Appendix 9 Gazetteer).

According to our current knowledge, Platyceps plinii is only known with certainty from India and Pakistan. In India it is recorded from the states of Andhra Pradesh (Kasimkota [Casemcottah, type locality], Eluru, Nallamala Hills, Pulicat Lake, Rajahmundry, Rollapenta, Sundipentha/Sikharam, Thummalapalle mine and Visakhapatnam), Bihar (Munger, Patna, Tinpahar and Rajmahal), Chhattisgarh (Pharsabhar), Goa (Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary and Panaji), Gujarat (Baroda, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Dahod, Dangs, Gandhinagar, Girnar Hill, Gir Forest, Kala Gadba, nr. Mahal, Mehsana, Panchmahal, Sabarkantha, Samot, Surat, Valsad, Vansda National Park and Vijapur), Haryana (Ambala), Jharkhand (Hazaribag District), Karnataka (Balekola, Chincholi Forest, Belgaum, Coimbatore, Coorg, Hosar, Mysuru and Shivamogga), Kerala (Muthanga in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary), Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal district, Barkatullah University Campus, Dewas, Dumna Nature Park, Gwalior, Indore, Jabalpur, Kanha National Park, Katra Hills, Mandla, Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Sagar, Satpura Tiger Reserve, Shahdol, Sita Hill and Ujjain), Maharashtra (Akola district, Ahmednagar, Ale nr. Narayangon, Atpadi, Aurangabad, Bassein Fort, Bohali, Borivali (Gorai) mangroves, Buldhana district, Chink Hill, Dahanu Forest Division, Deolali, Devagad, Ghorawadi nr. Talegaon, Jalgaon, Jawhar, Juvem, Kaas Plateau, Khandala, Kolhapur district, Konkan region, Kurduvadi, Malegaon, Marol, Mokhada, Mumbai, Nagar, Nagpur, Nanded, Navegaon National Park, Navi, Panchgani, Parel, Parvati-Pachgaon Hills, Powai, Pune, Ranidoh region, Thana, Vidarbha region, Vidyanagari, Visapur and Yavatmal), Odisha (Gandhamardan Hills, Nandankanan, Choudwar, Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Baripada and Bhadrak), Puducherry, Rajasthan (near Hemavas Dam, Pratapgarh district and Ramri), Tamil Nadu (Chennai and Hosur Hills), Telangana (Farahabad, Hyderabad region, Ippalapally, Jannaram, Kerimeri, Khanapur, Kinnerasani, Old Bowenpally, Rushulacheruvu, Tarnaka and Vijayapuri), Uttar Pradesh (Mathura region, Faizabad, Prayagraj and Varanasi), West Bengal (Dum Dum, Durgapur, Kolkata and Panchet Hill). The westernmost published record of the Banded racer comes from the Girnat Hill or Girnagar in the Junagadh district of Gujarat, approximately 70°31’ East (Patel et al. 2019a). According to Anonymous (1870), Anderson (1871), Stoliczka (1871b), Sclater (1891), Smith (1943) and Ahmed and Dasgupta (1992) the actual westernmost distributional border for P. plinii lies in West Bengal state of India, near Kolkata approximately 88°25’ East (incl. ZSI-K 7332, don. Joseph Fayrer 1870, ZSI-K 7334 don. John F. Galiffe, and the specimen from Dum Dum illustrated on sketch 63 of the Hardwicke collection in the Natural History Museum, London; see Fig. 8).

In Pakistan confirmed records are known from the Indus plain in Sindh province (nr. Badin, Hala, Jati, Lakarna, Makli Hills, Mohenjo-daro, Pir Patho, Raj Malk, Sonda, and Tatta) and some authors mentioned southern and central Punjab without specific locality (e.g. Khan 1980, 1982, 2002, 2006). We found only one record with more precise information for Punjab from the Lal Suhanra National Park in Bahawalpur published by Khan et al. (2018, p. 1731).

Sporadically the Banded racer is mentioned for the Himalayan region in northwestern and northeastern India. Mahajan and Agrawal (1976) and Agrawal (1979) published records (as Coluber fasciolatus) from Saproon village and the Gambhar bridge from an elevation of 1513 m and 1485 m a.s.l. respectively. Both localities are situated in the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh state of India. From Uttarakhand state the Banded racer was listed by Sharma (2004) from Sokharak, Mandal Rest House and Mandal-Chopta road in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary located between 1500 and 3300 m a.s.l. in the Chamoli and Rudraprayag districts, and by Bahuguna (2010) for the Corbett Tiger Reserve (now Jim Corbett National Park). Since these reports, no further specimens from the Himalayan range of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand have become known and because of the fact that these localities are considerably above the average altitudinal distribution of this species (see below), we suspect that these records are based on incorrect determinations (Abhijit Das, pers. comm. 2020) and consider the records to be very doubtful. The Banded racer is also listed from the Eastern Himalayas by e.g. Jha and Thapa (2002), Chettri and Bhupathy (2007) and Chettri et al. (2011). Whereas the first authors consider it “rare”, Chettri and Bhupathy (l.c.) regarded it surprisingly as “common” in Sikkim. Since none of the above-mentioned authors provided a single voucher specimen or a specified locality in that East Himalayan state, and no preserved material is known from any collection, so we consider its distribution in Sikkim to be unproven.

Based on water-colour sketch no. 61 from the Hardwicke collection, Smith (1943, p. 529) mentioned “Cawnpore” [Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh state of India] for Coluber fasciolatus. Although the Banded Racer is known to occur in this state (see above), the snake depicted on this drawing is in fact, a Common ratsnake, Ptyas mucosa.

Wallach et al. (2014) added the Pakistani province of Balochistan to the distribution range, but the literature cited provided no such indications and we could not identify a single credible record for this state.

When it comes to the distribution of the Banded racer in Sri Lanka, there is a consistent reference to Haly (1886, 1891), who allegedly provided the first evidence. But, as already noted by Somaweera (2006), Ferguson (1877) was the first who listed this species for “Ceylon”. Ferguson (l.c.) stated that the specimen “[…] was sent to the Museum [Colombo] lately by Mr. Deputy Queen’s Advocate Thwaites, and supposed to have been found by Mr. Twynam, the Government Agent of the Northern Province, about Aripo” (see Appendix Note 3). Since Haly (1886) the Banded racer is consistently listed as part of the Sri Lankan snake fauna (e.g. Wall 1921; Deranyiagala 1955; P. de Silva 1980; de Silva 1990, 2001; Das and de Silva 2005; Somaweera 2006; de Silva and Jinasena 2009; Wallach et al. 2014; de Silva and Ukuwela 2017) although no additional specimen has been collected, no preserved voucher specimens are known from any collection, and recent fieldwork on Jaffna Peninsula revealed no further material (Abyerami and Sivashanthini 2008; Madawala et al. 2019). We follow Taylor (1950) and regard this species as doubtful for Sri Lanka.

In several publications, especially in overview works and faunal lists, the Banded racer is mentioned for Bangladesh. This is probably because in older publications (e.g. Cantor 1839; Günther 1864; Theobald 1876; Boulenger 1890) “Bengal” is listed as a known distribution, a region currently divided between Bangladesh and the West Bengal state of India. After the separation of the central and eastern regions of Bengal from India in 1947 and the foundation of the state of Bangladesh in 1971, the majority of (Indian) authors changed the original information “Bengal” to “West Bengal”(India), but others still maintained the distribution for Bangladesh (e.g. Welch 1988; Daniel 1989, 2002; Das 2002; Whitaker and Captain 2004; Wallach et al. 2014; Uetz et al. 2019), although Wall (1914) already clarified that the species is not found further east than Calcutta in West Bengal state of India. Authors who refer exclusively to the herpetofauna of Bangaladesh (e.g. Islam et al. 2000; Khan 1988, 2004; Kabir et al. 2009) do not present more detailed localities and while Hasan et al. (2014) listed the Banded racer as expected to occur in the Northeast and Southeast of the country, he did not provide any supporting evidence. We could not find any historical or current evidence that this snake species occurs in Bangladesh.

From Nepal, the Banded racer was first mentioned by Günther (1861) in a list of “[…] Cold-Blooded Vertebrata […]” collected in that country. Günther’s source was a water-colour painting of a specimen from the “Central hilly region” (reproduced here in Fig. 6) probably made by Raj Man Sinh Chitrakar, a Nepalese draftsman employed by Brian H. Hodgson (McClelland and Griffith 1844; Cocker and Inskipp 1988). The locality most probably refers to the complex of hills and valleys surrounding the Kathmandu valley where the majority of specimens in the Hodgson Nepalese collection originated. Our examination of Hodgson’s original drawing, in the Zoological Library of Natural History Museum, London, revealed that the specimen depicted is not a Banded racer but a natricid snake, Rhabdophis himalayanus (Günther, 1864), a species reported from that region by e.g. Gruber in Schleich et al. (2002). Shrestha (2001) stated that the Banded racer has been reported from the Royal Chitwan National Park, and “[…] lives in dense Sal forest as well as grassland of Chitwan valley in Nepal […]”. We regard this statement as based on a misidentification because no voucher is known. Similar to the aforementioned record for Sri Lanka, the occurrence of the Banded racer in Nepal relies solely on an old and unreviewed original source, so the presence of this species in Nepal could not be confirmed. Although Kramer (1977) already considered the distribution in Nepal as questionable, and no further material has been collected (Karan B. Shah in litt. 2019), most subsequent authors continue to list the Banded racer in the Nepalese herpetofauna (e.g. Swan and Leviton 1962; Welch 1988; Schleich 1993; Shrestha 1998, 2001, 2003; Gruber 2002; Shah and Tiwari 2004; Wallach et al. 2014; Uetz et al. 2019).

Based on records of the Banded racer in Bengal, Schleich and Kästle (2000) and Lenz (2012) suspected its possible occurrence in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan which was adopted as questionable by Uetz et al. (2019). As explained above for the Himalayan regions of India and Nepal such a presumption lacks any basis and we refer to the list of verified records above (see also Appendix 9 Gazetteer).

Cantor (1847a, b) mentioned a specimen from the Province Wellesley (Seberang Perai, Penang state, West Malaysia) which corresponds with Russell’s “Nooni Paragoodoo”, and determined it as Coluber fasciolatus. Based on dentitional characters, which he regarded as similar to Russell’s (1796) description, he concluded that C. fasciolatus “[…] cannot be placed in the genus Lycodon, to which it has been referred by M.M. H. Boie, –Wagler and Schlegel”. Wall (1908, p. 21 footnote, 1913, p. 20 footnote, 1921, p. 195 footnote, 1924, p. 619) and Wilson (1967, p. 266) already doubted the authenticity of Cantor’s record. Our re-examination of this juvenile specimen (BMNH 60.3.19.1121) confirmed its identity as P. plinii, thus the locality given by Cantor must be considered as an error.

Mason (1861) listed “Coluber fasciolatus” for “Burmah” and Theobald (1868b) and Nicholson (1874) mentioned, “Zamenis fasciolatus Shaw” from “Mergui” [Mergui or Myeik Archipelago, Myanmar]. The latter quoted “Blyth” but gives no specific reference, that makes a reassessment impossible. Theobald (1880) added “Tenasserim, &c.” to the distribution of the Banded racer, without reference to specific specimens or exact localities. As indicated above, the easternmost records are from West Bengal and we, therefore, consider the records for Myanmar to be based on misidentification.

Platyceps plinii is widespread over the Indian Subcontinent (see above, Map 1 and Appendix 9 Gazetteer). It is reported as regionally common in e.g. Maharashtra and Karnataka (Murthy and Acharjyo 1987; Daniel 1989, 2002; Deshmukh et al. 2015; Ingle et al. 2014) and abundant in parts of Goa (Murthy and Acharjyo 1987). It inhabits plains, plateaus and mid hills covered with mixed and dry deciduous forest, scrub forest as well as semi-arid and rocky areas (for habitat examples see Fig. 13 A and B).

The vertical distribution ranges from sea level to over 1000 m altitudes, with about 85% of all finds below 600 m a.s.l. A few unusually high sites are known from the states of Madhya Pradesh (Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, 1053 m a.s.l.) and Maharashtra (Kaas Plateau, 1191 m a.s.l., and Panchgani, 1258 m a.s.l.) (see Appendix 9 Gazetteer).

It is a mainly terrestrial species but also observed to be a good climber (Ingle 2008) and found in open places, tall grass, dense bushes, under roots of old trees, in spiles of stones and bricks, and rodent holes. The Banded racer is also reported from urban and cultivated areas where it was found in houses, village environs, agricultural open fields, gardens, parks and farms (Stoliczka 1871a; Wall 1914; Lindberg 1932; Khaire 1996, 2014; Ingle 2002; Whitaker and Captain 2004; Rao et al. 2005; Srinivasulu et al. 2006; Chandra et al. 2008; Chikane and Bhosale 2012; Seetharamaraju 2014; Charjan and Joshi 2015; Sayeswara et al. 2015; Dileepkumar et al. 2016; Ingle et al. 2019). In some places, e.g. Bhadrak, Odisha, 30-40 individuals were found hibernating together in the cob walls in human habitations (Mohalik pers. comm.).

It is a diurnal species that is only exceptionally observed active during the night and known for its defensive and pugnacious behaviour. If threatened or captured it erects itself, flattens the forebody and furiously attacks when further provoked which one can confuse with a cobra (Wall 1907, 1914, 1921; Whitaker and Captain 2004). Its antipredator mechanism was summarized by Green (1988) as follows: (1) dorsoventral body compression, (2) dorsoventral neck compression, (3) lifting of head and neck, (4) S-coil striking posture, (5) lunging and striking, and (6) bite. One female caught while crossing a road immediately defecated and started attempting to bite. In other instances, individuals were observed climbing electric cables and visiting switch boxes, possibly looking for hiding geckos (Hemidactylus spp.).

The Banded racer is an active hunter that usually kills its prey by constriction or body pressure. Its prey consists of small mammals like rats, mice, shrews and bats, but also frogs, lizards, birds, worms, and for juveniles insects are part of the food spectrum (Wall 1914; Daniel 1989, 2002; Sharma 1999a; Das and de Silva 2005; Satish 2008; Whitaker and Captain 2004).

Mating of the Banded racer was observed between late winter and mid-monsoon (Dileepkumar et al. 2016). The reproduction is oviparous with clutch sizes between 2 and 23 eggs and egg sizes between 26.8–34.7 mm length and 16.5–22.4 mm width, laid between January and September (Vyas 1987; Khaire 1996, 2008, 2010, 2014; Das 2002; Das and de Silva 2005; Satish 2008; Ingle et al. 2014; Tambre and Chavan 2016; Parsar 2018; Patel et al. 2019b). Hatchlings have been observed in May (D’Abreu in Wall 1914) and July (Wall 1914; Daniel 1989, 2002).

Manhas (2015a) observed the Banded racer as roadkill during monsoon in Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh state and Mohalik et al. (2019) reported the predation of this species by a leucistic Krait, Bungarus caeruleus, from the Patharakali area of the Bhadrak district in Odisha state of India.

For Pakistani specimens, Minton (1966) and Wilson (1967) observed semifossorial behaviour and Khan (2002, 2006) reported that reproduction in Banded racer occurs twice a year, during the months April to May and August to September, with clutch sizes from 23 to 30 eggs.

A medium sized (maximum total length 951 mm) snake with countersunk lower jaw; dark brownish dorsum; head with irregular white spots, two slanting roughly “∏” shaped white markings with black edges on either side, starting on the back of the head (behind parietals) extending into the body, almost the length of head; 13–18 prominent white bands in the anterior region of the dorsum in both juveniles and adults; 34–48 total bands on the body in both juveniles and adults; 23:21(exceptionally 23):16–18 smooth dorsal scale rows; 189–218 ventrals (males: 192–197; females: 189–216); 76–88 subcaudals (males: 83–88; females: 76–88); cloacal plate divided; tail without bands and underside creamish. Its dentition is characterized by 12–16 maxillary teeth, the last two enlarged and separated by a diastema, 9–11 palatine teeth, 14–15 pterygoid teeth and 15–16 mandibular teeth.

Platyceps josephisp. nov. shows most similarities with its sister taxon P. plinii in regard to pholidosis and colour pattern but can be distinguished from the latter by its lower number of midbody dorsal scale rows (21 vs. 23), its lower mean value of ventral scales (202 vs. 214), its lower mean value of subcaudal scales (82 vs. 87) and its lower mean of the sum of ventral and subcaudal scales (285 vs. 304), the presence of the clearly demarcated two slanting roughly “∏” shaped white markings on the back of head vs. absence of such markings and distinct white bands on the dorsum in both juveniles and adults vs. ontogenetic change, i.e. bands present in juveniles only, but usually absent or faded in adults. Additionally, Platyceps josephisp. nov. differs from P. plinii in variation of mitochondrial DNA sequences. With pairwise uncorrected p-distances varying 4–5% in cytb & ND4 and 3% in 16S. It is also clear from our thorough verification of distribution that these two species only have a minor range overlap in northeastern Tamil Nadu (Fig. 1 Map).

NCBS AU-732, adult female, from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu state, India (8.75442° N, 78.18482° E, 5 m a.s.l) collected by Naveen Joseph on 26^th February 2017 (Figs 14–16 A and 20).

BNHS 3516 and NCBS AU-733, adult females, from Vagaikulam, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu state, India (8.71634° N, 78.00203° E, 28 m a.s.l.), collected by Naveen Joseph on 28^th July 2017 and 3^rd November 2017, respectively. ZSI-CZRC-6639, adult male, from Karur, Tamil Nadu state, India (10.97382° N, 78.08949° E, 114 m a.s.l.) collected by Melvin Selvan on 2^nd August 2018 and NMW 25465:2, juvenile male, from Salem, Tamil Nadu state, India (11.74178° N, 77. 93888° E, 314 m a.s.l.), collected by Ferdinand Stoliczka and donated to the NMW collection on 11^th January 1879.

ZSI-CZRC-6521, adult female, from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu state, India (8.73448° N, 77.97889° E, 33 m a.s.l.) collected by Naveen Joseph on 12^th June 2017; ZSI-CZRC-6522, adult female, from Vilathikulam, Tamil Nadu state, India (9.125623° N, 78.176763° E, 20 m a.s.l.), collected by Ahmed Jerith and Naveen Joseph on 2^nd February 2018; ZSI-CZRC-7358, sex unknown, from Anaikatti, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu state, India (11.11221° N, 76.75795° E, 581 m a.s.l.), collected by Jins VJ on 23^rd October 2017; ZSI-K 12374, hatchling, from South India, presented by Edward Gerrard to the ZSI collection; ZSI-K 4379, hatchling, from Anamalai hills, collected by Richard Henry Beddome, and NMW 25465:1, juvenile female, from Salem, Tamil Nadu, India (11.74178° N, 77.93888° E, 314 a.s.l.) collected by Ferdinand Stoliczka. Because of the partly bad state of preservation or imprecise locality information we have excluded these specimens as potential type material.

The specific epithet is a patronym of late Mr Naveen Joseph. Naveen was a naturalist from Tuticorin, well known for his research on reptiles, particularly snakes in that region. He was a friend of VD, SN, and GM and helped them collect specimens of the new species. Suggested English name: Joseph’s racer. Vernacular name: In various parts of Tamil Nadu state this snake is called by the name “Odugali Pambu” “ஓடுகாலிப்பாம்பு”. It is a portmanteau word in Tamil language “Odugali” is often used to address someone “who doesn’t stay at home and elopes” and “Pambu” is the word for “snake”.

Morphometric and merestic data are provided in Table 2. Female. Specimen in good condition with three incisions into coelom at 80^th, 106^th and 123^rd ventral respectively.

Body subcylindrical, dorsoventrally flattened. Head ovate, barely wider than the anterior end of body. Total lenghth 934 mm; snout-vent length 758 mm; tail length 176 mm; ratio tail length/total length 0.19; head length 24.0 mm; rostral large, 2.2 times broader than high, not protruding, rounded in dorsal view, and wedged in between internasals; the latter smaller (1.5 mm) and distinctly shorter along median suture than prefrontals (2.5 mm); mid-line suture between internasals and pre-frontals in straight line; distance from posterior tip of rostal to anterior edge of frontal 4.2 mm, the latter bell-shaped, 6.4 mm long with a maximum width of 4.7 mm; interocular width 7.0 mm; parietals 6.3 mm long, outer lateral and posterior margins of parietals surrounded by 13 scales between the upper postoculars; nasal completely divided, in contact with first and anterior half of second supralabial; nostril large in anterior shield; distance between posterior margin of nostril and anterior border eye 4.2 mm; loreal slightly longer (1.5 mm) than high (1.4 mm), in contact with posterior part of second and anterior half of third supralabial; preocular single, reaching top of head, touching frontal; presubocular squarish, smaller than preocular and loreal, in contact with third and fourth supralabial; 8/8 supralabials, fourth and fifth entering the eye, fifth highest; 2/2 postoculars, upper slightly broader, lower higher, lower postocular in contact with fifth supralabial; temporals in 2+3/2+3 rows, lower anterior slightly larger than upper; 9/9 sublabials, sixth largest, first five in contact with anterior inframaxillaries on both sides; anterior pair of inframaxillars broader and slightly longer (6.1 mm) than posterior pair (5.6 mm), which is distinctly separated by five inserted gulars; five gulars in a row between posterior edge of anterior inframaxillars and preventral; three preventrals and 203 ventrals; anal scute divided, right overlapping left; 76 paired subcaudals; terminal spine blunt; dorsal scales smooth, arranged in 23/21/17; apical pits present, but not consistently on all the dorsal scales, single or paired on dorsal part from the neck to near sacral region, single or triple pits present on dorsocaudal scales.

Dorsal scale reduction formula:

-3(6) +10(64) -10(67) +10(82) 10+11(87) 3+4(133) 8+9(151) –

23-------21-----------23---------21-----------23--------------21------------19------------17----------18(203).

-4(8) +11(65) -11(69) +11(84) -11(88) 3+4 (133) 8+9(150) +2(202)

14/16 maxillary teeth, the anterior 12/14 precranterian teeth are increasing in size posteriorly (from 0.9 to 1.6 mm length) and are followed by a diastema which is as long as the socket of the last precranterian tooth, and 2/2 slightly enlarged roundish cranterian teeth (~1.9 mm long) without groove. All maxillary teeth are slightly curved posteriorly, without significant interspaces. Medial to the precranterian teeth are single replacement tooth at different growth stages. One to 2 replacement teeth per cranterian tooth are found posteromedially to each tooth, showing different growth stages.

9/9 palatine teeth, decreasing in size posteriorly. All are curved posteriorly shortly above the base. Lateral to the palatine teeth there are single replacement tooth at different growth stages. No significant interspace exists between the different palatine teeth. Posteromedial process of palatine large, expanding two pterygoid teeth.

14/14 pterygoid teeth, decreasing in size posteriorly. All are curved posteriorly shortly above the base. Lateral to the pterygoid teeth there are single replacement tooth at different growth stages. No significant interspace exists between the different palatine teeth. The posterior 56% of the pterygoid are without teeth.

15/15 mandibular teeth, increasing in size up to tooth 6/6 and from there decreasing in size posteriorly. All are slightly curved posteriorly. Medial to the mandibular teeth there are 1–2 replacement teeth at different growth stages.

The hemipenis reaches up to 12^th subcaudals and is 24.3 mm in length with a maximum width of 5.8 mm at 1/3^rd of the proximal end. It is divided into three distinct areas; the proximal area (nearly 1/4^th of the total hemipenial length) is smooth without any ornamentation, middle zone (about 28% of the total hemipenial length) is with spinulae and the apical calyculated portion (48% of the total hemipenial length). The spicules at the midbody of the hemipenis gradually reduce in size from proximal to the distal end. The calyculated area can be further divided almost equally into proximal half with large calyces and distal half with smaller and denser calyces. The sulcus spermaticus is single and runs straight across its length and opens into a wide and elongate naked area (3.3 mm) extending laterally from the proximal to distal end extending to the apex. The opening of the sulcus forms a triangular area and ends apically. The sulcus is bounded with thick walls. The calyces are larger proximally and gradually smaller and denser towards the distal end. The calyces distally are edged with papillae. Along the asulcate side, the spinous area starts more distally than the sulcate and lateral side. The proximal calyces are wider and elongated, with eight to nine well defined calyces extending towards the lateral side and the distal part of these calyces are scalloped. The calyces towards the distal part are with more of papiliated edges and are similar in micro-ornamentation with the sulcate side.

See Table 2 for variations in merestic and morphometric features. Paratypes generally in moderate to good condition; NCBS-AU733, BNHS 3516 and ZSI-CZRC-6639 with single incision and NMW 24565: 2 without incision into the coelom. ZSI-CZRC-6639, male, both hemipenis removed for further examination. Tail/body ratio 0.22 in BNHS 3516, 0.13 in NCBS-AU733 and 0.23 in ZSI-CZRC-6639. Mid-line suture between internasals and pre-frontals not in a straight line in NCBS-AU733, BNHS 3516, NMW 24565: 2 and ZSI-CZRC-6639. Nostrils in BNHS 3516 situated above the center between both nasals. Loreals longer than high in NMW 24565: 2 and ZSI-CZRC-6639 and subequal in BNHS 3516. Temporals 2+3 (left), 2+2 (right) rows in ZSI-CZRC-6639; 2+3 (left), 2+2 (right) in NMW 24565: 2 respectively; 2+3 rows in the left side of BNHS 3516 and middle temporal in the second row (right) the largest than the other two and 2+3 on the left side of the NCBS-AU733 and the lower anterior temporal being the largest in all the paratypes on both sides. Posterior margin of the parietals surrounded by nine scales in BNHS 3516, fourteen scales in NCBS-AU733 and twelve scales in ZSI-CZRC-6639. Ten sublabials on both sides in BNHS 3516, NCBS-AU733, NMW 24565: 2 and ZSI-CZRC-6639 with only the first four in contact with the anterior inframaxillars in ZSI-CZRC-6639. One preventral in ZSI-CZRC-6639 and two pre-ventrals in NMW 24565: 2 and BNHS 3516 and preventrals absent in NCBS-AU733. Terminal scute sharp and intact in both BNHS 3516 and ZSI-CZRC-6639. Apical pits in BNHS 3516 and NCBS-AU733 are mostly single or double in the dorsal and double (single in few scales) above sacral but from the anterior part of the body, it is consistently double in all the scales from the position of the 10^th ventral (single before that) until the tip of the tail for ZSI-CZRC-6639.

NCBS-AU733 differs from the holotype in having a slightly darker frontal and suprocular scales, presence of irregular white spots in the temporal scales, and a small white line along the midline between the two prefrontals. The first band on the body is separated from the “∏” shaped markings by 2 scales on both the sides along the lateral side. 46–48 bands on the dorsum from neck to vent, anterior 18 bands are prominent with white and black edges which fades and become wider towards the vent.

BNHS 3516 differs from the holotype by having dorsum darker, two prominent and two less prominent white spots parallel to each other in each parietal. The slanting “∏” mark behind the head, two corners starts from the first row of scales behind parietal but shifts to the next row of dorsal after 4 (right) and 5 (left) scales, the other two diagonal corners ends on the first dorsal scales near 4^th ventral. There are 16 subequal horizontal bands on 2–3 dorsal scales, first band on the body separated from the “∏” shaped markings by three scale on right and two scales on left and all the other bands laterally connected with a mix of broken pale and black markings. There are 34 bands on the dorsum from neck to vent, anterior 16 prominent which becomes less prominent but wider towards the vent. ZSI-CZRC-6639 is overall similar to the holotype in the dorsum colours but with irregular white spots on the dorsal side of the head, a faint white spot at the junction of preocular, supraocular, prefrontal and frontal on both the sides; a faint white stripe in the anterior end of the frontal, the white spot in the suture between frontal and suproculars on both the sides, faint; 8–10 irregular spots together on both parietals. The slanting “∏” marking in the back of the head starts from the second row after the parietals on both the sides and continues towards the body but irregular. The first band on the body is separated from the “∏” shaped markings by 2 scales on both the sides along the lateral side. There are 42–44 bands on the dorsum from neck to vent, 14 prominent (white with black edges on each scale) which becomes less prominent but wider towards the vent. NMW 24565: 2 differs from holotype in having much lighter dorsum, by the presence of a white spot on the preocular-anterior frontal on both sides, two white spots along the midline suture on both parietals, one pair adjoining to frontal edge and other in the middle. The slanting “∏” shaped markings are much shorter extending only up to 7 rows of dorsal scales. About 39 visible bands on the dorsum of which anterior 13 are distinctly visible (see Figs 16–18).

The male paratype from “Salem” (NMW 25465: 2) show 12/12 maxillary teeth followed by a distinct diastema which is 50% longer as the socket of the last precranterian tooth and two enlarged cranterian teeth, 11/11 palatine teeth with a posteriomedial process of palatine expanding three pterygoid teeth, 15/14 pterygoid teeth with 41% of the posterior pterygoid without teeth, and 15–16 mandibular teeth, increasing in size up to tooth 7/7 and from there decreasing in size posteriorly.

Head 1.25–1.99 times longer than broad (male 1.25–1.67, females 1.35–1.99). Rostral twice as broad as high and visible from above. Internasals (in midline suture) usually smaller than prefrontals. Frontals 1.32–1.59 times longer than the maximum width (male 1.40–1.59, females 1.32–1.42). Posterior border of parietals uneven in shape at the median suture forming an acute angle in ZSI-CZRC-6639 and NCBS-AU733 or both parietals uneven forming a slightly acute angle in BNHS 3516 or more or less straight with an obtuse angle in NMW 25465:2 and NCBS-AU-732. Posterior edge of parietals less than half the maximum width. Loreals usually longer than high or higher than long in NCBS-AU732 (on both sides). Preoculars single with a small pre-subocular present below it. Preocular usually in contact with frontal or rarely separated in, e.g., NCBS-AU733. Predominantly eight supralabials, usually last three being larger (in length), fifth highest. Fourth and fifth supralabials in contact with eye. Postoculars often two with the upper scale slightly wider than the lower scale that is usually higher or somewhat subequal in e.g., ZSI-CZRC-6639 and NCBS-AU732 in left side or lower scale smaller in ZSI-CZRC-6639 on the right side but in one specimen NMW 25565:2 with three postoculars on the right side. Usually two anterior temporals (on both sides). Secondary temporals variable, normally three but sometimes two in, e.g., NMW 25465: 2 and ZSI-CZRC-6639 (on right side) and BNHS 3516, NMW 25465: 2 and NCBS-AU732 (on left side). Mostly ten sublabials, sometimes nine in, e.g., NCBS-AU732 or eleven in NMW 25465: 2 (on both sides); the anterior four, rarely five in contact with first inframaxillary, sixth, rarely seventh largest in NMW 25465: 2. Anterior inframaxillaries normally longer than wider than the posterior ones except in BNHS 3516 and ZSI-CZRC-6522. The posterior pair of inframaxillaries usually separated by two or three rows of gular scales of variable shape and size. Gulars in four to five oblique rows between the apical edge of the posterior inframaxillaries and first ventral. Ventrals in examined material 189–218 (males 192–197, females 189–218). Usually, one or two preventrals, rarely without preventrals as in NCBS-AU733. Anal scute divided right part overlapping left part. Subcaudals in 76–88 in pairs (males 82–88, females 76–88). Total body scales, including preventrals and terminal scale 275–297 (males 276–288, females 275–297).

Dorsal scale rows (DSR), usually arranged in 23–24/21, rarely 23/17 or sometimes 18 rows along the trunk. One male specimen from Karur shows anterior 24 DSR; Midbody DSR predominantly 21 except in one specimen ZSI-CZRC-6639 with 23 DSR and two specimens NCBS-AU732 and NCBS-AU733 shows 18 DSR and one specimen ZSI-CZRC-6521 shows 16 DSR in posterior part of the body.

Dorsal scales with single or paired apical pits. Supracaudal scales usually with one to three pits on the first three to five scales followed the supracaudal reduction. In male (ZSI-CZRC-6639), consistently two pits from the midbody to the last supracaudal scale.

Dorsal scale reduction formula summarized from five examined specimens (see Appendix 10). Only main reductions are given.

4+5(6) 3+4(6–13) 2+3 or 3+4(116–133) 7+8 or 8+9 (144–151)

24 -------- 23 --------------------- 21-------------------------- 19 --------------------------- 17.

– 2+3 or 3+4(6–13) 3+4 (115–133) 7+8 or 8+9 (142–151)

Two examined specimens (NCBS-AU732, holotype, and NCBS-AU733) and one specimen (ZSI-CZRC-6521) show an additional lateral increase to 18 and reduction to 16 dorsal scales involving rows 1–3 between 95 and 99% of ventral scales respectively.

The body robust, moderately stout, roundish in cross section at midbody. Head moderately pointed, barely distinct from neck or sometimes slightly distinct. Eye large with black round pupil, 16–25% of head length. The longest examined specimens are from Karur (ZSI-CZRC-6639), a male specimen with 740 mm and a female from Tuticorin (ZSI-CZRC-6521) with 951 mm total length. The smallest specimens are from Salem including a male (NMW 25465: 2) with 582 mm and female (NMW 25465:1) with 315 mm total length. The tail/body length ratio ranges from 0.15 to 0.32 (males 0.29–0.32, females 0.15–0.32).

Platyceps josephisp. nov. is so far only known from Tamil Nadu state, India (see Fig. 1 Map). It is reported from the Anaimallai Hills and different localities within the districts of Coimbatore (Anaikatti, Coimbatore, Pollachi), Dindigul (Batlagundu), Kanyakumari (Maruthuvazhmalai), Karur (Karur), Madurai (Madurai, Vadipatti), Salem (Salem), Theni (Meghamalai Hills), Thoothukudi (Tuticorin), Tirunelveli (Coutrallam, Manimutharu, Tirunelveli) and Villupuram (Auroville) (see Appendix 9 Gazetteer and Appendix 10).

Platyceps josephisp. nov. mostly inhabits open habitats with sandy or rocky patches in grasslands and scrublands in both inland and coastal areas of Tamil Nadu from elevations between 10 and 580 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 21 and Appendix 9). Most of the areas where they occur receive less than 500 mm annual rainfall except locations near the rain shadowed areas close to the Western Ghats receives higher rainfall (Anaikatti and Megamalai) (http://www.tnsccc.in/rainfall.php). Sagadevan et al. (2019) report a sighting from the dry evergreen forest in Auroville, Villupuram district, but it is pertinent to mention here that this region was originally a scrub jungle and the current dry evergreen forest is an anthropogenic habitat created a few years ago (Blanchflower 2005). Platyceps josephisp. nov. is usually observed under thorny bushes, rock boulders, paddy fields, heaps of dry coconut fronds and seen crossing roads (Rajendran 1986; NJ and MS personal observation). The holotype (NCBS-AU732) and the paratype (BNHS 3156) were both collected from human habitations. ZSI-CZRC-6639 was found under heaps of coconut fronds within a plantation surrounded by dry grasslands. NCBS-AU733 was collected from under a woodpile near a farmhouse surrounded by grassland. Two other referred specimens (ZSI-CZRC 6521 and 6522) from Tuticorin and one specimen (ZSI-CZRC-7358) from Anaikatti, Coimbatore were collected as roadkilled. It appears to be an uncommon snake in all known locations. However, in the past at least in Megamalai hills, it was recorded to be “fairly common” in the dry deciduous forests (Hutton 1949). The late Naveen Joseph and his team, who maintain a record for snake rescues in and around Tuticorin, had seen only 16 individuals in the 18 years between 2002 and February 2021.

Platyceps josephisp. nov. is a diurnal snake, terrestrial and swift in locomotion. However, there is a report of arboreal behaviour under artificial conditions (Rajendran 1986), but this is not known in the wild. It is an aggressive snake, flattening its head as a mock hood display mimicking a cobra, when agitated and biting freely, but it becomes docile after a few days in captivity (Rajendran, 1986; Hutton, 1949). Similar behaviour was observed during this study for specimens from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu (NCBS-AU732, NCBS-AU733 and BNHS 3516).

The diet of the P. josephisp. nov. chiefly consists of geckos, lizards and small rodents. It is observed to kill the prey by constricting and/or crushing the prey against ground or tree trunk. In all captive observations, it swallows the prey from the head first. It is an oviparous snake with few records of clutch sizes, 7–12 eggs (Hutton 1949; Rajendran 1986; Rameshwaran 2008), during the month of March and June and were 40 mm in length (Rameshwaran 2008). Females are reported to lay their eggs in bunds (raised areas surrounding the paddy fields) of paddy fields (Rajendran 1986).

Platyceps josephisp. nov. is reported only from one protected area (Megamalai) in its known range. The species faces a number of threats across its distributional range, including habitat destruction, because the grasslands in southern Tamil Nadu are being actively converted into plantations, farmlands and urbanisation. Although there are records from such converted plantations and human settlements,the species’ ability to adapt and its reproductive success is not known. Rocky habitats in Madurai region are also highly affected by the mining activities and road traffic is another important threat to P. josephisp. nov. Three out of the seven specimens collected in this study were roadkilled and six other uncollected roadkilled specimens were observed from various parts of Tamil Nadu between 2017 and 2020. The Area Of Occupancy (AOO) of P. josephisp. nov. is 72.000 km² and Extent Of Occupancy (EOO) is 70,698 km². Even though this is a relatively large area of distribution for a species, our field surveys and records suggest that this species has patchy distribution within its range. Also, much of the habitat in these regions where P. josephisp. nov. is reported are under severe threats like conversion of grasslands to farmlands, widescale monoculture plantations (Eucalyptus sp.) and urbanization. Given this information, we suggest that P. josephisp. nov. should be considered a species in the Vulnerable category according to the IUCN criteria.

Although local envenoming by congeners is reported for P. rhodorachis and P. najadum (Minton 1990; Kuch and Mebs 2002; Weinstein et al. 2011), bites from P. josephisp. nov. seem to be harmless and without any local symptoms. Rajendran (1986) reported two bite cases, one being himself got bitten while trying to catch an individual in a paddy field and another for an adult male got bitten while harvesting the paddy. No local symptoms were observed after a bite from a later preserved specimen (BNHS 3516, paratype) to one of the authors (NJ) upon handling.

Juvenile Platyceps josephisp. nov. can easily be confused with juveniles of Platyceps plinii but may be differentiated by the two slanting roughly “∏” shaped markings on the back of the head. Platyceps josephisp. nov. is found in sympatry with the Common cobra (Naja naja) and the Common ratsnake, Ptyas mucosa, and can potentially also be confused with these two species.

Platyceps josephisp. nov. is distinguished clearly from P. bholanathi, P. mintonorum, P. noeli, P. rhodorachis, P. sindhensis and P. ventromaculatus by its higher number of midbody dorsal scale rows (21 vs. 19) and from P. gracilis by its lower mean value of ventral scales (202 vs. 214), its lower value of subcaudal scales without overlapping (88 maximum vs. 118 minimum), its different neck pattern (whitish ∏-shaped marking vs. a yellowish-cream and black edged V-shaped marking), and by differing dorsal body pattern (irregular whitish transverse bars stippled with black vs. dorsal yellowish-cream and black-edged transverse bars). Platyceps josephisp. nov. shows similarities with P. plinii with regard to pholidosis and colour pattern but can be distinguished from the latter by its lower number of midbody dorsal scale rows (21 vs. 23), its lower mean value of ventral scales (202 vs. 214), its lower mean value of subcaudal scales (82 vs. 87), and its lower mean of the sum of ventral and subcaudal scales (285 vs. 304).

The first detailed description of osteological features of Platyceps plinii were based on a male and a female specimen (Fraser 1936). Later, Wilson (1967) studied 15 preserved specimens of the Banded racer, including two disarticulated skeletons, and compared it among other species formerly allocated to the genus Coluber with material of racer-like genera including Asian species currently placed in Platyceps (e.g. elegantissimus, florulentus, gracilis, karelini, najadum, rhodorachis, rogersi, thomasi, variabilis and ventromaculatus) as well as Dolichophis jugularis, Hemorrhois ravergieri and with Orientocoluber spinalis. He described several osteological characters which he used to delimit C. fasciolatus from other species of Coluber (sensu lato) and, because of differences from other racer-like genera he resurrected the genus Argyrogena Werner for the Banded racer.

In his comparison, Wilson (1967) stated that the premaxilla of Argyrogena is short and stout and its lateral processes are posteriorly orientated, whereas Coluber (sensu lato) has a longer premaxilla with more nearly transverse processes. In Argyrogena the nasals are stout, overlap the ascending process of premaxilla to some extent and posteriorly cover the nasal capsule more than in Coluber (sensu lato), there is nearly no overlap between nasals and premaxilla. He further states that the pterygoid of Argyrogena show a medial flange on the bone with the result that the teeth are situated near the center of the pterygoid rather than along its medial edge as in the other species of Coluber (sensu lato), which have no medial flange. Additionally, he writes that the tooth rows on the pterygoid bones converge posteriorly, whereas in Coluber (sensu lato) the rows diverge and furthermore that the pterygoid processes at the basioccipital are lacking in Argyrogena, but well developed in Coluber (sensu lato). Beside skull morphology, he also studied the postcranial skeleton and included characters of midbody and caudal vertebrae in his investigation. He stated that in Argyrogena at the midvertebrae the accessory process is shorter and more dorsolaterally orientated and the ventral aspect of the centrum is stouter and that the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae are broad based and show a prominent notch between the posterior edge of each process and the centrum.

Some of the osteological characters used by Wilson (1967) were later specified and their phylogenetic significance assessed by Schätti (1987). The latter did not include Argyrogena in his analysis but indicated extensive sexual, ontogenetic, geographical or uncorrelated intraspecific variation in old world racers. Schätti (1987) refused to use dentition to separate distinct groups as “The total number of teeth, their absolute length, the presence of a diastema, as well as the enlargement of the teeth posterior to the diastema is subject to considerable variation.“ For this reason, he considered osteological characters as diagnostic to delimit Palearctic from Nearctic groups, but only the shape and size ratios of the vertebrae show distinct characters to separate Platyceps from other Palearctic genera because craniological features may show remarkable intraspecific variation.

Schätti (1987) took into account (1) length of centrum/least width of neural arch (LC/WN), (2) length of centrum/width across prezygapophyses between outer edges of articular facets (LC/WP), (3) length of neural spine/least width of neural arch (LN/WN), but emphasizes that especially the ratio (1) is useful for delimitation, because it varies only within narrow limits (see Appendix 6 for the description of the measuring distances).

Recently, Das et al. (2019) provided a detailed skull description based on six specimens of the Banded racer and distinguished it from Platyceps mainly by its longer and elongated nasal horizontal lamina. The latter authors also mentioned a backward curved transverse process in contrast to a laterally directed narrow transverse process in Platyceps, but did not name the belonging bone. We assume they were describing the premaxillary transverse processes. Finally, they separated Argyrogena from Platyceps by the existence of a mesial transverse process at the pterygoid vs. no mesial transverse process.

In contrast to the former studies on Argyrogena mentioned above, material examined by us lead to different results (see also Appendix 7 and 8). In all examined Platyceps species lateral processes of the premaxilla are always curved posteriorly, but with variable length. This can result in short lateral processes as described by Wilson (1967) and Das et al. (2019) and can be found in P. plinii comb. nov., P. josephisp. nov., and P. rhodorachis, but also in longer lateral processes as present in P. florulentus, P. rhodorachis, P. ventromaculatus and also in P. plinii comb. nov. Furthermore, we found that short lateral processes lead to a more pointed snout, thus a projected rostrum, a condition also commonly used as a key character to separate Argyrogena from Platyceps (see e.g. Wilson 1967; Rajabizadeh et al. 2020). However, a projected rostrum of variable expression and a countersunk lower jaw is also reported for different Platyceps species by Schätti et al. (2014; see also comments below).

We found differences within the distal ends of the lateral processes of the premaxilla, which either are tapering into a single tip in P. plinii comb. nov., P. josephisp. nov., and P. rhodorachis, expanded and divided into two tips in P. florulentus or expanded into a stout end in P. rhodorachis as well as in P. ventromaculatus. Because of this considerable intraspecific variation, we regard the form of the lateral processes of the premaxilla as an inappropriate character to delimit Argyrogena from Platyceps.

Das et al. (2019, p. 313) stated that the premaxilla in Argyrogena has no nasal process but in contrast to that, a short (ascending) process is shown in the sketch (Fig. 1 B, lateral view). In all examined specimens we found an ascending process of the premaxilla, which varies in length and can be clasp by the anterior process of the nasals. If the ascending process of the premaxilla is longer than the lateral processes, we define them as ‘long’, e.g. in P. rhodorachis and P. ventromaculatus otherwise as ‘short’ as in found in P. plinii comb. nov., P. josephisp. nov. and P. florulentus.

Wilson (1967) noted that the anterior processes of nasals overlapping the ascending process of premaxilla in Argyrogena vs. less overlap of nasals and ascending process of premaxilla in Coluber (sensu lato). We found this overlap in all examined species, whereby the nasals can be in contact with the ascending process of premaxilla in P. plinii comb. nov., P. josephisp. nov., P. florulentus and P. ventromaculatus or just have a loose connection as in P. rhodorachis. Since this is a variable character and its presence in the Banded racer and Platyceps spp., makes this an inappropriate character for distinguishing genera.

Furthermore, Wilson (1967) described the nasals of Argyrogena as stout, as was verified by our analysis. The Banded racer, P. plinii comb. nov., has the most compact nasal bone of all Platyceps examined (TLn/TWn range 0.93-1.04), distinguished by the following values, viz. P. josephisp. nov. (TLn/TWn range 1.16–1.18), P. florulentus (TLn/TWn 1.24), P. rhodorachis (TLn/TWn range 1.27–1.39), and P. ventromaculatus (TLn/TWn 1.28).

Wilson (l. c.) mentioned that in Argyrogena the nasal shield posteriorly expands dorsolaterally to cover the nasal capsule more completely as in the other Coluber (sensu lato). Our measurements show that the nasal shield of the Banded racer tends to be shorter (TLln/Lns range 40%–50%) than in other examined Platyceps spp. (TLln/Lns range 56%–77%) and therefore covers only a smaller part of the nasal capsule. Our comparison of the nasal shields revealed that it covers in P. plinii comb. nov. the posterior part of the nasal capsule completely, whereas in the other examined Platyceps spp. (excluding josephi) only the middle part of the nasal capsule is enclosed. This resulted in a larger gap between the nasal shield and the frontal. Platyceps josephisp. nov. shows an intermediate state regarding this character as the nasal shield do enclose the posterior part of the nasal capsule but shows a larger gap than observed in P. plinii comb. nov. This character seems to be highly influenced by the lifestyle of the species and varies considerably interspecifically (Schätti 1987).

Wilson (1967) and Das et al. (2019) identified the presence of a medial flange at the pterygoid bone (with teeth) are situated near the centre of the pterygoid rather than along its medial edge vs. no such medial flange as a main character to separate Argyrogena from Coluber (sensu lato) and Platyceps spp. This condition was not mentioned by Fraser (1936) and in Banded racer skulls studied by us, this medial flange is present in 60% of the examined specimens only (see Fig. 12 D, medial flange absent). It is always present in P. josephisp. nov., (see Fig. 20 D) but lacking in P. florulentus, P. rhodorachis and P. ventromaculatus.

Another character listed by Wilson (l. c.) as typical for Argyrogena deals with the pterygoid teeth row, which converges posteriorly in the Banded racer but diverges in Coluber (sensu lato). We cannot follow this observation as in all examined specimens the teeth row follows the medial edge of the pterygoid bone and therefore always converge posteriorly.

Wilson (l. c.) also described the pterygoid processes at the basioccipital which he mentioned as clearly visible in e.g. Platyceps karelini, P. ventromaculatus, Dolichophis jugularis and Hierophis viridiflavus but lacking in Argyrogena. In Platyceps spp. examined by us, we found a high variability of this character, ranging from a basioccipital without structures, with three or five small tips or sometimes with a high crest. Our comparison of different development stages of D. jugularis, H. gemonensis and H. viridiflavus show that in juveniles such structures are lacking while in adults, high crests and tips appear and the expression of this character is very likely age-dependent.

Differences in midbody vertebrae morphology of racer species is highlighted as a character of phylogenetic significance (Schätti 1987) and is compared here with the next related taxa. Vertebrae have been described and compared for Argyrogena and Coluber (sensu lato, including Platyceps) by Wilson (1967), for old world racers in general by Schätti (1987) and for Platyceps by Schätti et al. (2014).

Wilson (1967) stated that in Argyrogena the accessory processes at the mid-vertebrae are shorter and more dorsolaterally orientated as in Coluber (sensu lato). Based on Auffenberg’s (1963) definition, Schätti (1987) defined the same character as ratio of the length of centrum to the width across prezygapophyses between outer edges of articular facets (LC/WP) (see Appendix 6–8). Our analysis of this character revealed, that intraspecific variation can be very low as in P. ventromaculatus (LC/WP range 0.76–0.86), but also more variable, e.g. in P. rhodorachis (LC/WP range 0.55–0.88). The total range of ratio LC/WP for Platyceps spp. examined ranges from 0.55–0.88 and included, with a wide overlap, the Banded racer, Platyceps plinii comb. nov. with a LC/WP ratio range from 0.73–0.95 (see Appendix 7 and 8). Furthermore, this character state cannot be used to delimit the Banded racer and other Platyceps spp. from next related genera because of overlapping values as determined for Hemorrhois nummifer (LC/WP range 0.63–0.71), H. ravergieri (LC/WP range 0.66–0.86) and Spalerosophis diadema (LC/WP 0.62).

According to Wilson (1967) the ventral aspect of the centrum of middorsal vertebrae in Argyrogena is stouter than in Coluber (sensu lato). Schätti (1987) used this character as quotient of the length of centrum and the least width of neural arch (LC/WN), based on Auffenberg’s (1963) definition. Our analysis of this character shows that for the Banded racer the values vary from 1.21–1.59 with lower extremes below the range of other Platyceps species with an LC/WN range from 1.32–1.70. But also this character does not allow reliable distinction between Platyceps spp. (LC/WN range 1.21–1.70) and Hemorrhois (nummifer 1.22–1.39; ravergieri 1.20–1.61). Although Spalerosophis diadema is distinguished here by the lowest value (LC/WN 1.08) it is based on a single examined specimen only and the variation for this character is not sufficiently studied for this species (see Appendix 6–8). As further character Schätti (1987) defines the ratio of length of neural spine to least width of neural arch (LN/WN) as highly variable throughout the vertebral column in Holarctic racers. The analysis of this trait with respect to the position of the Banded racer to Platyceps and other related genera revealed that the Banded racer tend to lower values (LN/WN range 0.81–1.01) but overlap to some degree the other examined Platyceps spp. (LN/WN range 0.95–1.27). Similarly, to the conditions shown for the Banded racer the values for H. nummifer (LN/WN range 0.84–1.07), H. ravergieri (LN/WN range 0.80–1.16) and S. diadema (LN/WN 0.80) lie near to the lower variation range of all examined Platyceps (LN/WN range total 0.81–1.27) (see Appendix 6–8).

Wilson (1967) used also the structure of caudal vertebrae to delimit Argyrogena from Coluber (sensu lato) and described the transverse processes of it as broad-based proximally with a prominent notch between posterior edge of each process and the centrum. In contrast to that, he described for Platyceps karelini, P. najadum and P. rhodorachis the processes as rather broad-based proximally, but not as much as in Argyrogena and without a posterior notch. In contrast to Wilson (l. c.) we found in five examined specimens of the Banded racer and four other Platyceps spp., including P. josephisp. nov., the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae as broad based but with striking differences between the sexes. In all males the transverse processes are directed laterally, the base occupies ~ 75% of the centrum and show a posterior notch, the latter characterized by considerable variability in expression even within a single individual. Contrary to males, the processes in females are directed anterio-laterally with a much shorter base which occupies not more than 60% of the centrum and show a posterior notch with the same degree of variability as in males. For specimens studied by us, we conclude that this character is sex dependent and qualifies no differentiation between Argyrogena and Platyceps.

In summary, it is evident that Argyrogena shares most osteological characters with Platyceps. Previous use of skeletal traits to underpin the distinctness of the genus Argyrogena is shown invalid, with the exception of the form of the nasal shield as the only distinguishing character to the previous known Platyceps spp. But with respect to the latter character, Platyceps josephisp. nov. show an intermediate state and linked the Banded racer with Platyceps. We therefore consider Argyrogena Werner, 1924 a junior subjective synonym of Platyceps Blyth, 1860 and relegate the Banded racer (auctt.) to the genus Platyceps in the new combination Platyceps plinii (Merrem, 1820) (see the also conclusions in previous chapters).